Separation of Powers美国三权分立,权利制衡 12页

SeparationofPowersInAmerica英法1201班董伊菲\nOriginofTheoryJohnLockewasanEnglishphilosopherandphysicianregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialofEnlightenmentthinkersandknownasthe"FatherofClassicalLiberalism".ThepublicationofTHESECONDTREATISEOFGOVERNMENTimpliedtheelementaryfomationoftheseperationofpower.\nDevelopmentofTheoryThetermtripartitesystemThetermtripartitesystemisascribedtoFrenchEnlightenmentpoliticalphilosopherBarondeMontesquieu.Montesquieu'sapproachwastopresentanddefendaformofgovernmentwhichwasnotexcessivelycentralizedinallitspowerstoasinglemonarchorsimilarruler.InTheSpiritoftheLaws(1748),Montesquieudescribedtheseparationofpoliticalpoweramongalegislature,anexecutive,andajudiciary.\nDevelopmentinAmericaIntheUnitedStatesConstitution,Article1SectionIgivesCongressonlythose"legislativepowershereingranted"andproceedstolistthosepermissibleactionsinArticleISection8,whileSection9listsactionsthatareprohibitedforCongress.ThevestingclauseinArticleIIplacesnolimitsontheExecutivebranch,simplystatingthat,"TheExecutivePowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica."TheSupremeCourtholds"ThejudicialPower"accordingtoArticleIII,anditestablishedtheimplicationofJudicialreviewinMarburyv.MadisonundertheMarshallcourt.\nModernsystemLegistiveBranch(TheCongress)ExecutiveBranch(ThePresident)JudicialBranch(TheCourt)Congressapprovespresidencialnorminationsandconcrolsthebudger.Thepresidentcanvetocongressionallegislation.Thecourtcandeclarelawsunconstitutional.Thepresidentnominatejudges.ThecourtcandeclarepresidentialactsunconstitutionalThecongresscanremovejudgesfromoffice.\nSEPARATION\nLegistiveBranch'spowers(TheCongress)Passesbills;hasbroadtaxingandspendingpower;regulatesinter-statecommerce;controlsthefederalbudget;haspowertoborrowmoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates(maybevetoedbyPresident,butvetoesmaybeoverriddenwithatwo-thirdsvoteofbothhouses)Hassolepowertodeclarewar,aswellastoraise,support,andregulatethemilitary.Oversees,investigates,andmakestherulesforthegovernmentanditsofficers.\nExecutiveBranch'spowers(ThePresident)Isthecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesExecutestheinstructionsofCongress.MayvetobillspassedbyCongress(butthevetomaybeoverriddenbyatwo-thirdsmajorityofbothhouses)ExecutesthespendingauthorizedbyCongress.Declaresstatesofemergencyandpublishesregulationsandexecutiveorders.\nJudicialBranch'spowers(TheCourt)DetermineswhichlawsCongressintendedtoapplytoanygivencaseExercisesjudicialreview,reviewingtheconstitutionalityoflawsDetermineshowCongressmeantthelawtoapplytodisputesDetermineshowalawactstodeterminethedispositionofprisoners\nHowtoseparate\nTheCongressproposedthebillThePresidentsignthebillSomebodydisputetheunconstitutionofthebillSupremefederalcourtstepinJudgeifthebillisunconstitutionalDeclarethefinalresult\nTheindependenceofthejudiciaryhastobereal,andnotapparentmerely.Thejudiciarywasgenerallyseenasthemostimportantofpowers,independentandunchecked.