联合国国际货物买卖合同公约中英文对照 74页

《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》中英文对照UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(1980)[CISG]　　《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》共分为四个部分：　　（1）适用范围；（2）合同的成立；（3）货物买卖；（4）最后条款。全文共101条。公约的主要内容包括以下四个方面：　　　　1.公约的基本原则。建立国际经济新秩序的原则、平等互利原则与兼顾不同社会、经济和法律制度的原则。这些基本原则是执行、解释和修订公约的依据，也是处理国际货物买卖关系和发展国际贸易关系的准绳。　　　　2.适用范围。第一，公约只适用于国际货物买卖合同，即营业地在不同国家的双方当事人之间所订立的货物买卖合同，但对某些货物的国际买卖不能适用该公约作了明确规定。第二，公约适用于当事人在缔约国内有营业地的合同，但如果根据适用于“合同”的冲突规范，该“合同”应适用某一缔约国的法律，在这种情况下也应适用“销售合同公约”，而不管合同当事人在该缔约国有无营业所。对此规定，缔约国在批准或者加入时可以声明保留。第三，双方当事人可以在合同中明确规定不适用该公约。（适用范围不允许缔约国保留）　　　　3.合同的订立。包括合同的形式和发价（要约）与接受（承诺）的法律效力。　　　　4.买方和卖方的权利义务。第一，卖方责任主要表现为三项义务：交付货物；移交一切与货物有关的单据；移转货物的所有权。第二，买方的责任主要表现为两项义务：支付货物价款；收取货物。第三，详细规定卖方和买方违反合同时的补救办法。第四，规定了风险转移的几种情况。第五，明确了根本违反合同和预期违反合同的含义以及当这种情况发生时，当事人双方所应履行的义务。第六，对免责根据的条件作了明确的规定。　　补充：　　\n　　CISG联合国国际货物销售合同公约(theUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods)。根据联合国大会的授权，联合国国际货物销售合同会议于1980年3月10日至4月11日在奥地利维也纳举行（维也纳会议），共62个国家的代表出席。在这次会议上通过了该公约。1988年公约在达到法定批准国家数额后正式生效。我国于1986年12月向联合国秘书长递交了该公约的批准书，成为该公约的缔约国。但在参加公约时，根据第95、96条的规定，我国对该公约第11条以及第1条第1款b项作了保留。【PromulgationDate】1980.04.11签订于维也纳THESTATESPARTIESTOTHISCONVENTION,BEARINGINMINDthebroadobjectivesintheresolutionsadoptedbythesixthspecialsessionoftheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsontheestablishmentofaNewInternationalEconomicOrder,CONSIDERINGthatthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefitisanimportantelementinpromotingfriendlyrelationsamongStates,BEINGOFTHEOPINIONthattheadoptionofuniformruleswhichgoverncontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtakeintoaccountthedifferentsocial,economicandlegalsystemswouldcontributetotheremovaloflegalbarriersininternationaltradeandpromotethedevelopmentofinternationaltrade,HAVEDECREEDasfollows:\n　　本公约各缔约国，铭记联合国大会第六届特别会议通过的关于建立新的国际经济秩序的各项决议的广泛目标，考虑到在平等互利基础上发展国际贸易是促进各国间友好关系的一个重要因素，认为采用照顾到不同的社会、经济和法律制度的国际货物销售合同统一规则，将有助于减少国际贸易的法律障碍，促进国际贸易的发展，兹协议如下：PARTI　SPHEREOFAPPLICATIONANDGENERALPROVISIONS　　　　适用范围和总则ChapterI　SPHEREOFAPPLICATION　　　　　适用范围Article1(1)ThisConventionappliestocontractsofsaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentStates:　本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同(a)whentheStatesareContractingStates;or　如果这些国家是缔约国；或(b)whentherulesofprivateinternationallawleadtotheapplicationofthelawofaContractingState.　如果国际私法规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律(2)ThefactthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentStatesistobedisregardedwheneverthisfactdoesnotappeareitherfromthecontractorfromanydealingsbetween,orfrominformationdisclosedby,thepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract.当事人营业地在不同国家的事实，如果从合同或从订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时，当事人之间的任何交易或当事人透露的情报均看不出，应不予考虑。\n(3)NeitherthenationalityofthepartiesnorthecivilorcommercialcharacterofthepartiesorofthecontractistobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingtheapplicationofthisConvention.　　在确定本公约的适用时，当事人的国籍和当事人或合同的民事或商业性质，应不予考虑。Article2ThisConventiondoesnotapplytosales:本公约不适用于以下的销售(a)ofgoodsboughtforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse,unlesstheseller,atanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract,neitherknewnoroughttohaveknownthatthegoodswereboughtforanysuchuse;　购供私人、家人或家庭使用的货物的销售，除非卖方在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时不知道而且没有理由知道这些货物是购供任何这种使用(b)byauction;　经由拍卖的销售(c)onexecutionorotherwisebyauthorityoflaw;　根据法律执行令状或其它令状的销售(d)ofstocks,shares,investmentsecurities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney;　公债、股票、投资证券、流通票据或货币的销售(e)ofships,vessels,hovercraftoraircraft;　船舶、船只、气垫船或飞机的销售(f)ofelectricity.\n　电力的销售Article3(1)Contractsforthesupplyofgoodstobemanufacturedorproducedaretobeconsideredsalesunlessthepartywhoordersthegoodsundertakestosupplyasubstantialpartofthematerialsnecessaryforsuchmanufactureorproduction.　供应尚待制造或生产的货物的合同应视为销售合同，除非订购货物的当事人保证供应这种制造或生产所需的大部分重要材料(2)ThisConventiondoesnotapplytocontractsinwhichthepreponderantpartoftheobligationsofthepartywhofurnishesthegoodsconsistsinthesupplyoflabourorotherservices.　本公约不适用于供应货物一方的绝大部分义务在于供应劳力或其它服务的合同Article4ThisConventiongovernsonlytheformationofthecontractofsaleandtherightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerarisingfromsuchacontract.Inparticular,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthisConvention,itisnotconcernedwith:本公约只适用于销售合同的订立和卖方和买方因此种合同而产生的权利和义务。特别是，本公约除非另有明文规定，与以下事项无关(a)thevalidityofthecontractorofanyofitsprovisionsorofanyusage;　合同的效力，或其任何条款的效力，或任何惯例的效力\n(b)theeffectwhichthecontractmayhaveonthepropertyinthegoodssold.　合同对所售货物所有权可能产生的影响Article5ThisConventiondoesnotapplytotheliabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoodstoanyperson.本公约不适用于卖方对于货物对任何人所造成的死亡或伤害的责任Article6ThepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofthisConventionor,subjecttoarticle12,derogatefromorvarytheeffectofanyofitsprovisions.双方当事人可以不适用本公约，或在第十二条的条件下，减损本公约的任何规定或改变其效力ChapterIIGENERALPROVISIONS总则Article7(1)IntheinterpretationofthisConvention,regardistobehadtoitsinternationalcharacterandtotheneedtopromoteuniformityinitsapplicationandtheobservanceofgoodfaithininternational\ntrade.　在解释本公约时，应考虑到本公约的国际性质和促进其适用的统一以及在国际贸易上遵守诚信的需要(2)QuestionsconcerningmattersgovernedbythisConventionwhicharenotexpresslysettledinitaretobesettledinconformitywiththegeneralprinciplesonwhichitisbasedor,intheabsenceofsuchprinciples,inconformitywiththelawapplicablebyvirtueoftherulesofprivateinternationallaw.　凡本公约未明确解决的属于本公约范围的问题，应按照本公约所依据的一般原则来解决，在没有一般原则的情况下，则应按照国际私法规定适用的法律来解决Article8(1)ForthepurposesofthisConventionstatementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtohisintentwheretheotherpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawarewhatthatintentwas.　为本公约的目的，一方当事人所作的声明和其它行为，应依照他的意旨解释，如果另一方当事人已知道或者不可能不知道此一意旨(2)Iftheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,statementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtotheunderstandingthatareasonablepersonofthesamekindastheotherpartywouldhavehadinthesamecircumstances.　如果上一款的规定不适用，当事人所作的声明和其它行为，应按照一个与另一方当事人同等资格、通情达理的人处于相同情况中，应有的理解来解释\n(3)Indeterminingtheintentofapartyortheunderstandingareasonablepersonwouldhavehad,dueconsiderationistobegiventoallrelevantcircumstancesofthecaseincludingthenegotiations,anypracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselves,usagesandanysubsequentconductoftheparties.　在确定一方当事人的意旨或一个通情达理的人应有的理解时，应适当地考虑到与事实有关的一切情况，包括谈判情形、当事人之间确立的任何习惯作法、惯例和当事人其后的任何行为Article9(1)Thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticeswhichtheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.　双方当事人业已同意的任何惯例和他们之间确立的任何习惯做法，对双方当事人均有约束力(2)Thepartiesareconsidered,unlessotherwiseagreed,tohaveimpliedlymadeapplicabletotheircontractoritsformationausageofwhichthepartieskneworoughttohaveknownandwhichininternationaltradeiswidelyknownto,andregularlyobservedby,partiestocontractsofthetypeinvolvedintheparticulartradeconcerned.　除非另有协议，双方当事人应视为已默示地同意对他们的合同或合同的订立适用双方当事人已知道或理应知道的惯例，而这种惯例，在国际贸易上，已为有关特定贸易所涉同类合同的当事人所广泛知道并为他们所经常遵守\nArticle10ForthepurposesofthisConvention:为本公约的目的(a)ifapartyhasmorethanoneplaceofbusiness,theplaceofbusinessisthatwhichhastheclosestrelationshiptothecontractanditsperformance,havingregardtothecircumstancesknowntoorcontemplatedbythepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract;　果当事人有一个以上的营业地，则以与合同及合同的履行关系最密切的营业地为其营业地，但要考虑到双方当事人在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时所知道或所设想的情况(b)ifapartydoesnothaveaplaceofbusiness,referenceistobemadetohishabitualresidence.　如果当事人没有营业地，则以其惯常居住地为准Article11Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.销售合同无须以书面订立或书面证明，在形式方面也不受任何其它条件的限制。销售合同可以用包括人证在内的任何方法证明Article12Anyprovisionofarticle11,article29orPartIIofthisConventionthatallowsacontractofsaleoritsmodificationorterminationbyagreementoranyoffer,acceptanceorotherindicationof\nintentiontobemadeinanyformotherthaninwritingdoesnotapplywhereanypartyhashisplaceofbusinessinaContractingStatewhichhasmadeadeclarationunderarticle96ofthisConvention.Thepartiesmaynotderogatefromorvarytheeffectorthisarticle.本公约第11条、第29条或第二部分准许销售合同或其更改或根据协议终止，或者任何发价、接受或其它意旨表示得以书面以外任何形式做出的任何规定不适用，如果任何一方当事人的营业地是在已按照本公约第96条做出了声明的一个缔约国内，各当事人不得减损本条或改变其效力Article13ForthepurposesofthisConvention"writing"includestelegramandtelex.为本公约的目的，“书面”包括电报和电传PARTII　FORMATIONOFTHECONTRACT　　　　合同的订立Article14(1)Aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.　\n向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明发价人在得到接受时承受约束的意旨，即构成发价。一个建议如果写明货物并且明示或暗示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数量和价格，即为十分确定(2)Aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.　非向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的建议，仅应视为邀请做出发价，除非提出建议的人明确地表示相反的意向Article15(1)Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.　发价于送达被发价人时生效(2)Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.　一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，得予撤回，如果撤回通知于发价送达被发价人之前或同时，送达被发价人Article16(1)Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.　在未订立合同之前，发价得予撤销，如果撤销通知于被发价人发出接受通知之前送达被发价人\n(2)However,anoffercannotberevoked:　但在下列情况下，发价不得撤销(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or　发价写明接受发价的期限或以其它方式表示发价是不可撤销的；或(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.　被发价人有理由信赖该项发价是不可撤销的，而且被发价人已本着对该项发价的信赖行事Article17Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，于拒绝通知送达发价人时终止Article18(1)Astatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferisanacceptance.Silenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.　被发价人声明或做出其它行为表示同意一项发价，即是接受，缄默或不行动本身不等于接受(2)Anacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveatthemomenttheindicationofassentreachestheofferor.Anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimehehasfixedor,ifnotimeisfixed,withinareasonabletime,dueaccountbeingtakenof\nthecircumstancesofthetransaction,includingtherapidityofthemeansofcommunicationemployedbytheofferor.Anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.　接受发价于表示同意的通知送达发价人时生效。如果表示同意的通知在发价人所规定的时间内，如未规定时间，在一段合理的时间内，未曾送达发价人，接受就成为无效，但须适当地考虑到交易的情况，包括发价人所使用的通讯方法的迅速程序。对口头发价必须立即接受，但情况有别者不在此限(3)However,if,byvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusage,theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact,suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice,withoutnoticetotheofferor,theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed,providedthattheactisperformedwithintheperiodoftimelaiddownintheprecedingparagraph.　但是，如果根据该项发价或依照当事人之间确立的习惯作法和惯例，被发价人可以做出某种行为，例如与发运货物或支付价款有关的行为，来表示同意，而无须向发价人发出通知，则接受于该项行为做出时生效，但该项行为必须在上一款所规定的期间内做出Article19(1)Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.　对发价表示接受但载有添加、限制或其它更改的答复，即为拒绝该项发价，并构成还价\n(2)However,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.　但是，对发价表示接受但载有添加或不同条件的答复，如所载的添加或不同条件在实质上并不变更该项发价的条件，除发价人在不过分迟延的期间内以口头或书面通知反对其间的差异外，仍构成接受。如果发价人不做出这种反对，合同的条件就以该项发价的条件以及接受通知内所载的更改为准(3)Additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.有关货物价格、付款、货物质量和数量、交货地点和时间、一方当事人对另一方当事人的赔偿责任范围或解决争端等等的添加或不同条件，均视为在实质上变更发价的条件Article20(1)Aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorinatelegramoraletterbeginstorunfromthemomentthetelegramishandedinfordispatchorfromthedateshownontheletteror,ifnosuchdateisshown,fromthedateshownontheenvelope.Aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorbytelephone,telexorothermeansofinstantaneouscommunication,beginstorunfromthemomentthattheofferreachestheofferee.\n　发价人在电报或信件内规定的接受期间，从电报交发时刻或信上载明的发信日期起算，如信上未载明发信日期，则从信封上所载日期起算。发价人以电话、电传或其它快速通讯方法规定的接受期间，从发价送达被发价人时起算(2)Officialholidaysornon-businessdaysoccurringduringtheperiodforacceptanceareincludedincalculatingtheperiod.However,ifanoticeofacceptancecannotbedeliveredattheaddressoftheofferoronthelastdayoftheperiodbecausethatdayfallsonanofficialholidayoranon-businessdayattheplaceofbusinessoftheofferor,theperiodisextendeduntilthefirstbusinessdaywhichfollows.　在计算接受期间时，接受期间内的正式假日或非营业日应计算在内。但是，如果接受通知在接受期间的最后１天未能送到发价人地址，因为那天在发价人营业地是正式假日或非营业日，则接受期间应顺延至下一个营业日Article21(1)Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.　逾期接受仍有接受的效力，如果发价人毫不迟延地用口头或书面将此种意见通知被发价人　(2)Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.\n　如果载有逾期接受的信件或其它书面文件表明，它是在传递正常、能及时送达发价人的情况下寄发的，则该项逾期接受具有接受的效力，除非发价人毫不迟延地用口头或书面通知被发价人：他认为他的发价已经失效　Article22Anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective.接受得予撤回，如果撤回通知于接受原应生效之前或同时，送达发价人Article23AcontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConvention.合同于按照本公约规定对发价的接受生效时订立Article24ForthepurposesofthisPartoftheConvention,anoffer,declarationofacceptanceoranyotherindicationofintention"reaches"theaddresseewhenitismadeorallytohimordeliveredbyanyothermeanstohimpersonally,tohisplaceofbusinessormailingaddressor,ifhedoesnothavea\nplaceofbusinessormailingaddress,tohishabitualresidence.为公约本部分的目的，发价、接受声明或任何其它意旨表示“送达”对方，系指用口头通知对方或通过任何其它方法送交对方本人，或其营业地或通讯地址，如无营业地或通讯地址，则送交对方惯常居住地PARTIII　SALEOFGOODS　　　　货物销售ChapterI　GENERALPROVISIONS　　　　总则Article25Abreachofcontractcommittedbyoneofthepartiesisfundamentalifitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract,unlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult.一方当事人违反合同的结果，如使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以致于实际上剥夺了他根据合同规定有权期待得到的东西，即为根本违反合同，除非违反合同一方并不预知而且一个同等资格、通情达理的人处于相同情况中也没有理由预知会发生这种结果Article26\nAdeclarationofavoidanceofthecontractiseffectiveonlyifmadebynoticetotheotherparty.宣告合同无效的声明，必须向另一方当事人发出通知，方始有效Article27UnlessotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthisPartoftheConvention,ifanynotice,requestorothercommunicationisgivenormadebyapartyinaccordancewiththisPartandbymeansappropriateinthecircumstances,adelayorerrorinthetransmissionofthecommunicationoritsfailuretoarrivedoesnotdeprivethatpartyoftherighttorelyonthecommunication.除非公约本部分另有明文规定，当事人按照本部分的规定，以适合情况的方法发出任何通知、要求或其它通知后，这种通知如在传递上发生耽搁或错误，或者未能到达，并不使该当事人丧失依靠该项通知的权利Article28If,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConvention,onepartyisentitledtorequireperformanceofanyobligationbytheotherparty,acourtisnotboundtoenterajudgementforspecificperformanceunlessthecourtwoulddosounderitsownlawinrespectofsimilarcontractsofsalenotgovernedbythisConvention.如果按照本公约的规定，一方当事人有权要求另一方当事人履行某一义务，法院没有义务做出判决，要求具体履行此一义务，除非法院依照其本身的法律对不属本公约范围的类似销售合同愿意这样做\nArticle29(1)Acontractmaybemodifiedorterminatedbythemereagreementoftheparties.　合同只需双方当事人协议，就可更改或终止(2)Acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaprovisionrequiringanymodificationorterminationbyagreementtobeinwritingmaynotbeotherwisemodifiedorterminatedbyagreement.However,apartymaybeprecludedbyhisconductfromassertingsuchaprovisiontotheextentthattheotherpartyhasreliedonthatconduct.　规定任何更改或根据协议终止必须以书面做出的书面合同，不得以任何其它方式更改或根据协议终止。但是，一方当事人的行为，如经另一方当事人寄以信赖，就不得坚持此项规定ChapterII　OBLIGATIONSOFTHESELLER　　　　　卖方的义务Article30Thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisConvention.卖方必须按照合同和本公约的规定，交付货物，移交一切与货物有关的单据并转移货物所有权\nSectionI.Deliveryofthegoodsandhandingoverofdocuments交付货物和移交单据Article31Ifthesellerisnotboundtodeliverthegoodsatanyotherparticularplace,hisobligationtodeliverconsists:如果卖方没有义务要在任何其它特定地点交付货物，他的交货义务如下(a)ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoods-inhandingthegoodsovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyer;　如果销售合同涉及到货物的运输，卖方应把货物移交给第一承运人，以运交给买方(b)if,incasesnotwithintheprecedingsubparagraph,thecontractrelatestospecificgoods,orunidentifiedgoodstobedrawnfromaspecificstockortobemanufacturedorproduced,andatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthepartiesknewthatthegoodswereat,orweretobemanufacturedorproducedat,aparticularplace-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyer'sdisposalatthatplace;　在不属于上款规定的情况下，如果合同指的是特定货物或从特定存货中提取的或尚待制造或生产的未经特定化的货物，而双方当事人在订立合同时已知道这些货物是在某一特定地点，或将在某一特定地点制造或生产，卖方应在该地点把货物交给买方处置(c)inothercases-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyer'sdisposalattheplacewherethesellerhadhisplaceofbusinessatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.　在其它情况下，卖方应在他于订立合同时的营业地把货物交给买方处置\nArticle32(1)Iftheseller,inaccordancewiththecontractorthisConvention,handsthegoodsovertoacarrierandifthegoodsarenotclearlyidentifiedtothecontractbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocumentsorotherwise,thesellermustgivethebuyernoticeoftheconsignmentspecifyingthegoods.　如果卖方按照合同或本公约的规定将货物交付给承运人，但货物没有以货物上加标记、或以装运单据或其它方式清楚地注明有关合同，卖方必须向买方发出列明货物的发货通知(2)Ifthesellerisboundtoarrangeforcarriageofthegoods,hemustmakesuchcontractsasarenecessaryforcarriagetotheplacefixedbymeansoftransportationappropriateinthecircumstancesandaccordingtotheusualtermsforsuchtransportation.　如果卖方有义务安排货物的运输，他必须订立必要的合同，以按照通常运输条件，用适合情况的运输工具，把货物运到指定地点(3)Ifthesellerisnotboundtoeffectinsuranceinrespectofthecarriageofthegoods,hemust,atthebuyer'srequest,providehimwithallavailableinformationnecessarytoenablehimtoeffectsuchinsurance.　如果卖方没有义务对货物的运输办理保险，他必须在买方提出要求时，向买方提供一切现有的必要资料，使他能够办理这种保险Article33Thesellermustdeliverthegoods:\n卖方必须按以下规定的日期交付货物(a)ifadateisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,onthatdate;　如果合同规定有日期，或从合同可以确定日期，应在该日期交货(b)ifaperiodoftimeisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,atanytimewithinthatperiodunlesscircumstancesindicatethatthebuyeristochooseadate;or　如果合同规定有一段时间，或从合同可以确定一段时间，除非情况表明应由买方选定一个日期外，应在该段时间内任何时候交货；或者(c)inanyothercase,withinareasonabletimeaftertheconclusionofthecontract.　在其它情况下，应在订立合同后一段合理时间内交货Article34Ifthesellerisboundtohandoverdocumentsrelatingtothegoods,hemusthandthemoveratthetimeandplaceandintheformrequiredbythecontract.Ifthesellerhashandedoverdocumentsbeforethattime,hemay,uptothattime,cureanylackofconformityinthedocuments,iftheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.However,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisConvention.如果卖方有义务移交与货物有关的单据，他必须按照合同所规定的时间、地点和方式移交这些单据。如果卖方在那个时间以前已移交这些单据，他可以在那个时间到达前纠正单据中任何不符合同规定的情形，但是，此一权利的行使不得使买方遭受不合理的不便或承担不合理的开支。但是，买方保留本公约所规定的要求损害赔偿的任何权利\nSectionII.Conformityofthegoodsandthirdpartyclaims　　　　货物相符与第三方要求Article35(1)Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.　卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格相符，并须按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装(2)Exceptwherethepartieshaveagreedotherwise,thegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractunlessthey:　除双方当事人业已另有协议外，货物除非符合以下规定，否则即为与合同不符(a)arefitforthepurposesforwhichgoodsofthesamedescriptionwouldordinarilybeused;　货物适用于同一规格货物通常使用的目的(b)arefitforanyparticularpurposeexpresslyorimpliedlymadeknowntotheselleratthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,exceptwherethecircumstancesshowthatthebuyerdidnotrely,orthatitwasunreasonableforhimtorely,ontheseller'sskillandjudgement;　货物适用于订立合同时曾明示或默示地通知卖方的任何特定目的，除非情况表明买方并不依赖卖方的技能和判断力，或者这种依赖对他是不合理的(c)possessthequalitiesofgoodswhichthesellerhasheldouttothebuyerasasampleormodel;　货物的质量与卖方向买方提供的货物样品或样式相同\n(d)arecontainedorpackagedinthemannerusualforsuchgoodsor,wherethereisnosuchmanner,inamanneradequatetopreserveandprotectthegoods.　货物按照同类货物通用的方式装箱或包装，如果没有此种通用方式，则按照足以保全和保护货物的方式装箱或包装(3)Thesellerisnotliableundersubparagraphs(a)to(d)oftheprecedingparagraphforanylackofconformityofthegoodsifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofsuchlackofconformity.　如果买方在订立合同时知道或者不可能不知道货物不符合同，卖方就无须按上一款（ａ）项至（ｄ）项负有此不符合同的责任Article36(1)ThesellerisliableinaccordancewiththecontractandthisConventionforanylackofconformitywhichexistsatthetimewhentheriskpassestothebuyer,eventhoughthelackofconformitybecomesapparentonlyafterthattime.　卖方应按照合同和本公约的规定，对风险移转到买方时所存在的任何不符合同情形，负有责任，即使这种不符合同情形在该时间后方始明显(2)Thesellerisalsoliableforanylackofconformitywhichoccursafterthetimeindicatedintheprecedingparagraphandwhichisduetoabreachofanyofhisobligations,includingabreachofanyguaranteethatforaperiodoftimethegoodswillremainfitfortheirordinarypurposeorforsomeparticularpurposeorwillretainspecifiedqualitiesorcharacteristics.\n　卖方对在上一款所述时间后发生的任何不符合同情形，也应负有责任，如果这种不符合同情形是由于卖方违反他的某项义务所致，包括违反关于在一段时间内货物将继续适用于其通常使用的目的或某种特定目的，或将保持某种特定质量或性质的任何保证Article37Ifthesellerhasdeliveredgoodsbeforethedatefordelivery,hemay,uptothatdate,deliveranymissingpartormakeupanydeficiencyinthequantityofthegoodsdelivered,ordelivergoodsinreplacementofanynon-conforminggoodsdeliveredorremedyanylackofconformityinthegoodsdelivered,providedthattheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.However,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisConvention.如果卖方在交货日期前交付货物，他可以在那个日期到达前，交付任何缺漏部分或补足所交付货物的不足数量，或交付用以替换所交付不符合同规定的货物，或对所交付货物中任何不符合同规定的情形做出补救，但是，此一权利的行使不得使买方遭受不合理的不便或承担不合理的开支。但是，买方保留本公约所规定的要求损害赔偿的任何权利Article38(1)Thebuyermustexaminethegoods,orcausethemtobeexamined,withinasshortaperiodasispracticableinthecircumstances.　买方必须在按情况实际可行的最短时间内检验货物或由他人检验货物\n(2)Ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedattheirdestination.　如果合同涉及到货物的运输，检验可推迟到货物到达目的地后进行(3)Ifthegoodsareredirectedintransitorredispatchedbythebuyerwithoutareasonableopportunityforexaminationbyhimandatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthepossibilityofsuchredirectionorredispatch,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedatthenewdestination.　如果货物在运输途中改运或买方须再发运货物，没有合理机会加以检验，而卖方在订立合同时已知道或理应知这种改运或再发运的可能性，检验可推迟到货物到达新目的地后进行Article39(1)Thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureofthelackofconformitywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasdiscovereditoroughttohavediscoveredit.　买方对货物不符合同，必须在发现或理应发现不符情形后一段合理时间内通知卖方，说明不符合同情形的性质，否则就丧失声称货物不符合同的权利(2)Inanyevent,thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivethesellernoticethereofatthelatestwithinaperiodoftwoyearsfromthedateonwhichthegoodswereactuallyhandedovertothebuyer,unlessthistime-limitisinconsistentwithacontractualperiodofguarantee.　\n无论如何，如果买方不在实际收到货物之日起两年内将货物不符合同情形通知卖方，他就丧失声称货物不符合同的权利，除非这一时限与合同规定的保证期限不符Article40Thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsofarticles38and39ifthelackofconformityrelatestofactsofwhichhekneworcouldnothavebeenunawareandwhichhedidnotdisclosetothebuyer.如果货物不符合同规定指的是卖方已知道或不可能不知道而又没有告知买方的一些事实，则卖方无权援引第三十八条和第三十九条的规定Article41Thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty,unlessthebuyeragreedtotakethegoodssubjecttothatrightorclaim.However,ifsuchrightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,theseller'sobligationisgovernedbyarticle42.卖方所交付的货物，必须是第三方不能提出任何权利或要求的货物，除非买方同意在这种权利或要求的条件下，收取货物。但是，如果这种权利或要求是以工业产权或其它知识产权为基础的，卖方的义务应依照第四十二条的规定Article42\n(1)Thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdpartybasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,ofwhichatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworcouldnothavebeenunaware,providedthattherightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty:　卖方所交付的货物，必须是第三方不能根据工业产权或其它知识产权主张任何权利或要求的货物，但以卖方在订立合同时已知道或不可能不知道的权利或要求为限，而且这种权利或要求根据以下国家的法律规定是以工业产权或其它知识产权为基础的(a)underthelawoftheStatewherethegoodswillberesoldorotherwiseused,ifitwascontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthatthegoodswouldberesoldorotherwiseusedinthatState;or　如果双方当事人在订立合同时预期货物将在某一国境内转售或做其它使用，则根据货物将在其境内转售或做其它使用的国家的法律；或者(b)inanyothercase,underthelawoftheStatewherethebuyerhashisplaceofbusiness.　在任何其它情况下，根据买方营业地所在国家的法律(2)Theobligationofthesellerundertheprecedingparagraphdoesnotextendtocaseswhere:　卖方在上一款中的义务不适用于以下情况(a)atthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareoftherightorclaim;or　买方在订立合同时已知道或不可能不知道此项权利或要求；或者(b)therightorclaimresultsfromtheseller'scompliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulaeorothersuchspecificationsfurnishedbythebuyer.\n　此项权利或要求的发生，是由于卖方要遵照买方所提供的技术图样、图案、程式或其它规格Article43(1)Thebuyerlosestherighttorelyontheprovisionsofarticle41orarticle42ifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasbecomeawareoroughttohavebecomeawareoftherightorclaim.　买方如果不在已知道或理应知道第三方的权利或要求后一段合理时间内，将此一权利或要求的性质通知卖方，就丧失援引第四十一条或第四十二条规定的权利(2)Thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraphifheknewoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartyandthenatureofit.　　卖方如果知道第三方的权利或要求以及此一权利或要求的性质，就无权援引上一款的规定。Article44Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph(1)ofarticle39andparagraph(1)ofarticle43,thebuyermayreducethepriceinaccordancewitharticle50orclaimdamages,exceptforlossofprofit,ifhehasareasonableexcuseforhisfailuretogivetherequirednotice.尽管有第三十九条第（１）款和第四十三条第（１）款的规定，买方如果对他未发出所需的通知具备合理的理由\n仍可按照第五十条规定减低价格，或要求利润损失以外的损害赔偿SectionIII.Remediesforbreachofcontractbytheseller　　　　　卖方违反合同的补救办法Article45(1)IfthesellerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConvention,thebuyermay:　如果卖方不履行他在合同和本公约中的任何义务，买方可以(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles46to52;　行使第四十六条至第五十二条所规定的权利(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.　按照第七十四条至第七十七条的规定，要求损害赔偿(2)Thebuyerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.　买方可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利，不因他行使采取其它补救办法的权利而丧失(3)Noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothesellerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthebuyerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.　如果买方对违反合同采取某种补救办法，法院或仲裁庭不得给予卖方宽限期\nArticle46(1)Thebuyermayrequireperformancebythesellerofhisobligationsunlessthebuyerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.　买方可以要求卖方履行义务，除非买方已采取与此一要求相抵触的某种补救办法(2)Ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequiredeliveryofsubstitutegoodsonlyifthelackofconformityconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractandarequestforsubstitutegoodsismadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.　如果货物不符合同，买方只有在此种不符合同情形构成根本违反合同时，才可以要求交付替代货物，而且关于替代货物的要求，必须与依照第三十九条发出的通知同时提出，或者在该项通知发出后一段合理时间内提出(3)Ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequirethesellertoremedythelackofconformitybyrepair,unlessthisisunreasonablehavingregardtoallthecircumstances.Arequestforrepairmustbemadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.　如果货物不符合同，买方可以要求卖方通过修理对不符合同之处做出补救，除非他考虑了所有情况之后，认为这样做是不合理的。修理的要求必须与依照第三十九条发出的通知同时提出，或者在该项通知发出后一段合理时间内提出Article47(1)Thebuyermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythe\nsellerofhisobligations.　买方可以规定一段合理时限的额外时间，让卖方履行其义务(2)Unlessthebuyerhasreceivednoticefromthesellerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontract.However,thebuyerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.　除非买方收到卖方的通知，声称他将不在所规定的时间内履行义务，买方在这段时间内不得对违反合同采取任何补救办法。但是，买方并不因此丧失他对迟延履行义务可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利Article48(1)Subjecttoarticle49,thesellermay,evenafterthedatefordelivery,remedyathisownexpenseanyfailuretoperformhisobligations,ifhecandosowithoutunreasonabledelayandwithoutcausingthebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceoruncertaintyofreimbursementbythesellerofexpensesadvancedbythebuyer.However,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisConvention.　在第四十九条的条件下，卖方即使在交货日期之后，仍可自付费用，对任何不履行义务做出补救，但这种补救不得造成不合理的迟延，也不得使买方遭受不合理的不便，或无法确定卖方是否将偿付买方预付的费用。但是，买方保留本公约所规定的要求损害赔偿的任何权利(2)Ifthesellerrequeststhebuyertomakeknownwhetherhewillacceptperformanceandthebuyerdoesnotcomplywiththerequestwithinareasonabletime,thesellermayperformwithin\nthetimeindicatedinhisrequest.Thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiodoftime,resorttoanyremedywhichisinconsistentwithperformancebytheseller.　如果卖方要求买方表明他是否接受卖方履行义务，而买方不在一段合理时间内对此一要求做出答复，则卖方可以按其要求中所指明的时间履行义务。买方不得在该段时间内采取与卖方履行义务相抵触的任何补救办法(3)Anoticebythesellerthathewillperformwithinaspecifiedperiodoftimeisassumedtoincludearequest,undertheprecedingparagraph,thatthebuyermakeknownhisdecision.　卖方表明他将在某一特定时间内履行义务的通知，应视为包括根据上一款规定要买方表明决定的要求在内(4)Arequestornoticebythesellerunderparagraph(2)or(3)ofthisarticleisnoteffectiveunlessreceivedbythebuyer.　卖方按照本条第（２）和第（３）款做出的要求或通知，必须在买方收到后，始生效力Article49(1)Thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoided:　买方在以下情况下可以宣告合同无效(a)ifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or　卖方不履行其在合同或本公约中的任何义务，等于根本违反合同；或(b)incaseofnon-delivery,ifthesellerdoesnotdeliverthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47ordeclaresthathewillnot\ndeliverwithintheperiodsofixed.　如果发生不交货的情况，卖方不在买方按照第四十七条第（１）款规定的额外时间内交付货物，或卖方声明他将不在所规定的时间内交付货物(2)However,incaseswherethesellerhasdeliveredthegoods,thebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:　但是，如果卖方已交付货物，买方就丧失宣告合同无效的权利，除非(a)inrespectoflatedelivery,withinareasonabletimeafterhehasbecomeawarethatdeliveryhasbeenmade;　对于迟延交货，他在知道交货后一段合理时间内这样做(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlatedelivery,withinareasonabletime:　对于迟延交货以外的任何违反合同事情(i)afterhekneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;　他在已知道或理应知道这种违反合同后一段合理时间内这样做；或(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47,orafterthesellerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod;or　他在买方按照第四十七条第（１）款规定的任何额外时间满期后，或在卖方声明他将不在这一额外时间履行义务后一段合理时间内这样做；或(iii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimeindicatedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(2)ofarticle48,orafterthebuyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotacceptperformance.　\n他在卖方按照第四十八条第（２）款指明的任何额外时间满期后，或在买方声明他将不接受卖方履行义务后一段合理时间内这样做Article50Ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractandwhetherornotthepricehasalreadybeenpaid,thebuyermayreducethepriceinthesameproportionasthevaluethatthegoodsactuallydeliveredhadatthetimeofthedeliverybearstothevaluethatconforminggoodswouldhavehadatthattime.However,ifthesellerremediesanyfailuretoperformhisobligationsinaccordancewitharticle37orarticle48orifthebuyerrefusestoacceptperformancebythesellerinaccordancewiththosearticles,thebuyermaynotreducetheprice.如果货物不符合同，不论价款是否已付，买方都可以减低价格，减价按实际交付的货物在交货时的价值与符合合同的货物在当时的价值两者之间的比例计算。但是，如果卖方按照第三十七条或第四十八条的规定对任何不履行义务做出补救，或者买方拒绝接受卖方按照该两条规定履行义务，则买方不得减低价格Article51(1)Ifthesellerdeliversonlyapartofthegoodsorifonlyapartofthegoodsdeliveredisinconformitywiththecontract,articles46to50applyinrespectofthepartwhichismissingorwhichdoesnotconform.　如果卖方只交付一部分货物，或者交付的货物中只有一部分符合合同规定，第四十六条至第五十条的规定适用于缺漏部分及不符合同规定部分的货物\n(2)Thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoidedinitsentiretyonlyifthefailuretomakedeliverycompletelyorinconformitywiththecontractamountstoafundamentalbreachofthecontract.　买方只有在完全不交付货物或不按照合同规定交付货物等于根本违反合同时，才可以宣告整个合同无效Article52(1)Ifthesellerdeliversthegoodsbeforethedatefixed,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedelivery.　如果卖方在规定的日期前交付货物，买方可以收取货物，也可以拒绝收取货物(2)Ifthesellerdeliversaquantityofgoodsgreaterthanthatprovidedforinthecontract,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedeliveryoftheexcessquantity.Ifthebuyertakesdeliveryofallorpartoftheexcessquantity,hemustpayforitatthecontractrate.　如果卖方交付的货物数量大于合同规定的数量，买方可以收取也可以拒绝收取多交部分的货物。如果买方收取多交部分货物的全部或一部分，他必须按合同价格付款ChapterIII　OBLIGATIONSOFTHEBUYER　　　　　买方的义务Article53\nThebuyermustpaythepriceforthegoodsandtakedeliveryofthemasrequiredbythecontractandthisConvention买方必须按照合同和本公约规定支付货物价款和收取货物SectionI.Paymentoftheprice第一节支付价款　　　　Article54Thebuyer'sobligationtopaythepriceincludestakingsuchstepsandcomplyingwithsuchformalitiesasmayberequiredunderthecontractoranylawsandregulationstoenablepaymenttobemade.买方支付价款的义务包括根据合同或任何有关法律和规章规定的步骤和手续，以便支付价款Article55Whereacontracthasbeenvalidlyconcludedbutdoesnotexpresslyorimplicitlyfixormakeprovisionfordeterminingtheprice,thepartiesareconsidered,intheabsenceofanyindicationtothecontrary,tohaveimpliedlymadereferencetothepricegenerallychargedatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractforsuchgoodssoldundercomparablecircumstancesinthetradeconcerned.\n如果合同已有效的订立，但没有明示或暗示地规定价格或规定如何确定价格，在没有任何相反表示的情况下，双方当事人应视为已默示地引用订立合同时此种货物在有关贸易的类似情况下销售的通常价格Article56Ifthepriceisfixedaccordingtotheweightofthegoods,incaseofdoubtitistobedeterminedbythenetweight.如果价格是按货物的重量规定的，如有疑问，应按净重确定Article57(1)Ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherparticularplace,hemustpayittotheseller:　如果买方没有义务在任何其它特定地点支付价款，他必须在以下地点向卖方支付价款(a)attheseller'splaceofbusiness;or　卖方的营业地；或者(b)ifthepaymentistobemadeagainstthehandingoverofthegoodsorofdocuments,attheplacewherethehandingovertakesplace.　如凭移交货物或单据支付价款，则为移交货物或单据的地点。(2)Thesellermustbearanyincreasesintheexpensesincidentaltopaymentwhichiscausedbya\nchangeinhisplaceofbusinesssubsequenttotheconclusionofthecontract.　卖方必须承担因其营业地在订立合同后发生变动而增加的支付方面的有关费用Article58(1)Ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherspecifictime,hemustpayitwhenthesellerplaceseitherthegoodsordocumentscontrollingtheirdispositionatthebuyer'sdisposalinaccordancewiththecontractandthisConvention.Thesellermaymakesuchpaymentaconditionforhandingoverthegoodsordocuments.　如果买方没有义务在任何其它特定时间内支付价款，他必须于卖方按照合同和本公约规定将货物或控制货物处置权的单据交给买方处置时支付价款。卖方可以支付价款作为移交货物或单据的条件(2)Ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,thesellermaydispatchthegoodsontermswherebythegoods,ordocumentscontrollingtheirdisposition,willnotbehandedovertothebuyerexceptagainstpaymentoftheprice.　如果合同涉及到货物的运输，卖方可以在支付价款后方可把货物或控制货物处置权的单据移交给买方作为发运货物的条件(3)Thebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceuntilhehashadanopportunitytoexaminethegoods,unlesstheproceduresfordeliveryorpaymentagreeduponbythepartiesareinconsistentwithhishavingsuchanopportunity.　买方在未有机会检验货物前，无义务支付价款，除非这种机会与双方当事人议定的交货或支付程序相抵触\nArticle59ThebuyermustpaythepriceonthedatefixedbyordeterminablefromthecontractandthisConventionwithouttheneedforanyrequestorcompliancewithanyformalityonthepartoftheseller.买方必须按合同和本公约规定的日期或从合同和本公约可以确定的日期支付价款，而无需卖方提出任何要求或办理任何手续SectionII.Takingdelivery第二节收取货物Article60Thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryconsists:买方收取货物的义务如下(a)indoingalltheactswhichcouldreasonablybeexpectedofhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery;and　采取一切理应采取的行动，以期卖方能交付货物(b)intakingoverthegoods.　和接收货物\nSectionIII.Remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyer第三节买方违反合同的补救办法Article61(1)IfthebuyerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConvention,thesellermay:　如果买方不履行他在合同和本公约中的任何义务，卖方可以(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles62to65;　行使第六十二条至第六十五条所规定的权利(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.　按照第七十四至第七十七条的规定，要求损害赔偿(2)Thesellerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.　卖方可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利，不因他行使采取其它补救办法的权利而丧失(3)Noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothebuyerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthesellerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.　如果卖方对违反合同采取某种补救办法，法院或仲裁庭不得给予买方宽限期Article62Thesellermayrequirethebuyertopaytheprice,takedeliveryorperformhisotherobligations,\nunlessthesellerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.卖方可以要求买方支付价款、收取货物或履行他的其它义务，除非卖方已采取与此一要求相低触的某种补救办法Article63(1)Thesellermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythebuyerofhisobligations.　卖方可以规定一段合理时限的额外时间，让买方履行义务(2)Unlessthesellerhasreceivednoticefromthebuyerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thesellermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontract.However,thesellerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.　除非卖方收到买方的通知，声称他将不在所规定的时间内履行义务，卖方不得在这段时间内对违反合同采取任何补救办法。但是，卖方并不因此丧失他对迟延履行义务可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利Article64(1)Thesellermaydeclarethecontractavoided:　卖方在以下情况下可以宣告合同无效(a)ifthefailurebythebuyertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthis\nConventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or　买方不履行其在合同或本公约中的任何义务，等于根本违反合同；或(b)ifthebuyerdoesnot,withintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,performhisobligationtopaythepriceortakedeliveryofthegoods,orifhedeclaresthathewillnotdosowithintheperiodsofixed.　但是，如果买方已支付价款，卖方就丧失宣告合同无效的权利，除非(2)However,incaseswherethebuyerhaspaidtheprice,thesellerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:　但是，如果买方已支付价款，卖方就丧失宣告合同无效的权利，除非(a)inrespectoflateperformancebythebuyer,beforethesellerhasbecomeawarethatperformancehasbeenrendered;or　对于买方迟延履行义务，他在知道买方履行义务前这样做；或者(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlateperformancebythebuyer,withinareasonabletime:　对于买方迟延履行义务以外的任何违反合同事情(i)afterthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;or　他在已知道或理应知道这种违反合同后一段合理时间内这样做；或(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,orafterthebuyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod.　\n他在卖方按照第六十三条第（１）款规定的任何额外时间满期后或在买方声明他将不在这一额外时间内履行义务后一段合理时间内这样做Article65(1)ifunderthecontractthebuyeristospecifytheform,measurementorotherfeaturesofthegoodsandhefailstomakesuchspecificationeitheronthedateagreeduponorwithinareasonabletimeafterreceiptofarequestfromtheseller,thesellermay,withoutprejudicetoanyotherrightshemayhave,makethespecificationhimselfinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthebuyerthatmaybeknowntohim.　如果买方应根据合同规定订明货物的形状、大小或其它特征，而他在议定的日期或在收到卖方的要求后一段合理时间内没有订明这些规格，则卖方在不损害其可能享有的任何其它权利的情况下，可以依照他所知的买方的要求，自己订明规格(2)Ifthesellermakesthespecificationhimself,hemustinformthebuyerofthedetailsthereofandmustfixareasonabletimewithinwhichthebuyermaymakeadifferentspecification.If,afterreceiptofsuchacommunication,thebuyerfailstodosowithinthetimesofixed,thespecificationmadebythesellerisbinding.　如果卖方自己订明规格，他必须把订明规格的细节通知买方，而且必须规定一段合理时间，让买方可以在该段时间内订出不同的规格。如果买方在收到这种通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，卖方所订的规格就具有约束力ChapterIV　PASSINGOFRISK\n　　　　　风险移转Article66Lossofordamagetothegoodsaftertheriskhaspassedtothebuyerdoesnotdischargehimfromhisobligationtopaytheprice,unlessthelossordamageisduetoanactoromissionoftheseller.货物在风险移转到买方承担后遗失或损坏，买方支付价款的义务并不因此解除，除非这种遗失或损坏是由于卖方的行为或不行为所造成Article67(1)Ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoodsandthesellerisnotboundtohandthemoverataparticularplace,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyerinaccordancewiththecontractofsale.Ifthesellerisboundtohandthegoodsovertoacarrierataparticularplace,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsarehandedovertothecarrieratthatplace.Thefactthatthesellerisauthorizedtoretaindocumentscontrollingthedispositionofthegoodsdoesnotaffectthepassageoftherisk.　如果销售合同涉及到货物的运输，但卖方没有义务在某一特定地点交付货物，自货物按照销售合同交付给第一承运人以转交给买方时起，风险就移转到买方承担。如果卖方有义务在某一特定地点把货物交付给承运人，在货物于该地点交付给承运人以前，风险不移转到买方承担。卖方受权保留控制货物处置权的单据，并不影响风险的移转(2)Nevertheless,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract,whetherbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocuments,bynoticegiventothebuyer\norotherwise.　但是，在货物以货物上加标记、或以装运单据、或向买方发出通知或其它方式清楚地注明有关合同以前，风险不移转到买方承担Article68Theriskinrespectofgoodssoldintransitpassestothebuyerfromthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.However,ifthecircumstancessoindicate,theriskisassumedbythebuyerfromthetimethegoodswerehandedovertothecarrierwhoissuedthedocumentsembodyingthecontractofcarriage.Nevertheless,ifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractofsalethesellerkneworoughttohaveknownthatthegoodshadbeenlostordamagedanddidnotdisclosethistothebuyer,thelossordamageisattheriskoftheseller.对于在运输途中销售的货物，从订立合同时起，风险就移转到买方承担。但是，如果情况表明有此需要，从货物交付给签发载有运输合同单据的承运人时起，风险就由买方承担。尽管如此，如果卖方在订立合同时已知道或理应知道货物已经遗失或损坏，而他又不将这一事实告之买方，则这种遗失或损坏应由卖方负责Article69(1)Incasesnotwithinarticles67and68,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenhetakesoverthegoodsor,ifhedoesnotdosoinduetime,fromthetimewhenthegoodsareplacedathisdisposalandhecommitsabreachofcontractbyfailingtotakedelivery.\n　在不属于第六十七条和第六十八条规定的情况下，从买方接收货物时起，或如果买方不在适当时间内这样做，则从货物交给他处置但他不收取货物从而违反合同时起，风险移转到买方承担(2)However,ifthebuyerisboundtotakeoverthegoodsataplaceotherthanaplaceofbusinessoftheseller,theriskpasseswhendeliveryisdueandthebuyerisawareofthefactthatthegoodsareplacedathisdisposalatthatplace.　但是，如果买方有义务在卖方营业地以外的某一地点接收货物，当交货时间已到而买方知道货物已在该地点交给他处置时，风险方始移转(3)Ifthecontractrelatestogoodsnotthenidentified,thegoodsareconsiderednottobeplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeruntiltheyareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract.　如果合同指的是当时未加识别的货物，则这些货物在未清楚注明有关合同以前，不得视为已交给买方处置Article70Ifthesellerhascommittedafundamentalbreachofcontract,articles67,68and69donotimpairtheremediesavailabletothebuyeronaccountofthebreach.如果卖方已根本违反合同，第六十七条、第六十八条和第六十九条的规定，不损害买方因此种违反合同而可以采取的各种补救办法ChapterV　PROVISIONSCOMMONTOTHEOBLIGATIONSOFTHESELLERANDOF\nTHEBUYER　　　　　卖方和买方义务的一般规定SectionI.Anticipatorybreachandinstalmentcontracts第一节预期违反合同和分批交货合同Article71(1)Apartymaysuspendtheperformanceofhisobligationsif,aftertheconclusionofthecontract,itbecomesapparentthattheotherpartywillnotperformasubstantialpartofhisobligationsasaresultof:　如果订立合同后，另一方当事人由于下列原因显然将不履行其大部分重要义务，一方当事人可以中止履行义务(a)aseriousdeficiencyinhisabilitytoperformorinhiscreditworthiness;or　他履行义务的能力或他的信用有严重缺陷；或(b)hisconductinpreparingtoperformorinperformingthecontract.　他在准备履行合同或履行合同中的行为(2)Ifthesellerhasalreadydispatchedthegoodsbeforethegroundsdescribedintheprecedingparagraphbecomeevident,hemaypreventthehandingoverofthegoodstothebuyereventhoughthebuyerholdsadocumentwhichentitleshimtoobtainthem.Thepresentparagraphrelatesonlytotherightsinthegoodsasbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.　\n如果卖方在上一款所述的理由明显化以前已将货物发运，他可以阻止将货物交给买方，即使买方持有其有权获得货物的单据。本款规定只与买方和卖方间对货物的权利有关(3)Apartysuspendingperformance,whetherbeforeorafterdispatchofthegoods,mustimmediatelygivenoticeofthesuspensiontotheotherpartyandmustcontinuewithperformanceiftheotherpartyprovidesadequateassuranceofhisperformance.　中止履行义务的一方当事人不论是在货物发运前还是发运后，都必须立即通知另一方当事人，如经另一方当事人对履行义务提供充分保证，则他必须继续履行义务Article72(1)Ifpriortothedateforperformanceofthecontractitisclearthatoneofthepartieswillcommitafundamentalbreachofcontract,theotherpartymaydeclarethecontractavoided.　如果在履行合同日期之前，明显看出一方当事人将根本违反合同，另一方当事人可以宣告合同无效(2)Iftimeallows,thepartyintendingtodeclarethecontractavoidedmustgivereasonablenoticetotheotherpartyinordertopermithimtoprovideadequateassuranceofhisperformance.　如果时间许可，打算宣告合同无效的一方当事人必须向另一方当事人发出合理的通知，使他可以对履行义务提供充分保证(3)Therequirementsoftheprecedingparagraphdonotapplyiftheotherpartyhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligations.　如果另一方当事人已声明他将不履行其义务，则上一款的规定不适用\nArticle73(1)Inthecaseofacontractfordeliveryofgoodsbyinstalments,ifthefailureofonepartytoperformanyofhisobligationsinrespectofanyinstalmentconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractwithrespecttothatinstalment,theotherpartymaydeclarethecontractavoidedwithrespecttothatinstalment.　对于分批交付货物的合同，如果一方当事人不履行对任何一批货物的义务，便对该批货物构成根本违反合同，则另一方当事人可以宣告合同对该批货物无效(2)Ifoneparty'sfailuretoperformanyofhisobligationsinrespectofanyinstalmentgivestheotherpartygoodgroundstoconcludethatafundamentalbreachofcontractwilloccurwithrespecttofutureinstalments,hemaydeclarethecontractavoidedforthefuture,providedthathedoessowithinareasonabletime.　如果一方当事人不履行对任何一批货物的义务，使另一方当事人有充分理由断定对今后各批货物将会发生根本违反合同，该另一方当事人可以在一段合理时间内宣告合同今后无效(3)Abuyerwhodeclaresthecontractavoidedinrespectofanydeliverymay,atthesametime,declareitavoidedinrespectofdeliveriesalreadymadeoroffuturedeliveriesif,byreasonoftheirinterdependence,thosedeliveriescouldnotbeusedforthepurposecontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.　买方宣告合同对任何一批货物的交付为无效时，可以同时宣告合同对已交付的或今后交付的各批货物均为无效，如果各批货物是互相依存的，不能单独用于双方当事人在订立合同时所设想的目的\nSectionII.Damages第二节损害赔偿Article74Damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss,includinglossofprofit,sufferedbytheotherpartyasaconsequenceofthebreach.Suchdamagesmaynotexceedthelosswhichthepartyinbreachforesaworoughttohaveforeseenatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,inthelightofthefactsandmattersofwhichhethenkneworoughttohaveknown,asapossibleconsequenceofthebreachofcontract.一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿额，应与另一方当事人因他违反合同而遭受的包括利润在内的损失额相等。这种损害赔偿不得超过违反合同一方在订立合同时,依照他当时已知道或理应知道的事实和情况，对违反合同预料到或理应预料到的可能损失Article75Ifthecontractisavoidedandif,inareasonablemannerandwithinareasonabletimeafteravoidance,thebuyerhasboughtgoodsinreplacementorthesellerhasresoldthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepriceinthesubstitutetransactionaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.如果合同被宣告无效，而在宣告无效后一段合理时间内，买方已以合理方式购买替代货物，或者卖方已以合理方式把货物转卖，则要求损害赔偿的一方可以取得合同价格和替代货物交易价格之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其他损害赔偿\nArticle76(1)Ifthecontractisavoidedandthereisacurrentpriceforthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmay,ifhehasnotmadeapurchaseorresaleunderarticle75,recoverthedifferencebetweenthepricefixedbythecontractandthecurrentpriceatthetimeofavoidanceaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.If,however,thepartyclaimingdamageshasavoidedthecontractaftertakingoverthegoods,thecurrentpriceatthetimeofsuchtakingovershallbeappliedinsteadofthecurrentpriceatthetimeofavoidance.　如果合同被宣告无效，而货物又有时价，要求损害赔偿的一方，如果没有根据第七十五条规定进行购买或转卖，则可以取得合同规定的价格和宣告合同无效时的时价之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其它损害赔偿。但是，如果要求损害赔偿的一方在接收货物之后宣告合同无效，则应适用接收货物时的时价,而不适用宣告合同无效时的时价(2)Forthepurposesoftheprecedingparagraph,thecurrentpriceisthepriceprevailingattheplacewheredeliveryofthegoodsshouldhavebeenmadeor,ifthereisnocurrentpriceatthatplace,thepriceatsuchotherplaceasservesasareasonablesubstitute,makingdueallowancefordifferencesinthecostoftransportingthegoods.　为上一款的目的，时价指原应交付货物地点的现行价格，如果该地点没有时价，则指另一合理替代地点的价格，但应适当地考虑货物运费的差额Article77\nApartywhoreliesonabreachofcontractmusttakesuchmeasuresasarereasonableinthecircumstancestomitigatetheloss,includinglossofprofit,resultingfromthebreach.Ifhefailstotakesuchmeasures,thepartyinbreachmayclaimareductioninthedamagesintheamountbywhichthelossshouldhavebeenmitigated.声称另一方违反合同的一方，必须按情况采取合理措施，减轻由于该另一方违反合同而引起的损失，包括利润方面的损失。如果他不采取这种措施，违反合同一方可以要求从损害赔偿中扣除原可以减轻的损失数额SectionIII.Interest第三节利息Article78Ifapartyfailstopaythepriceoranyothersumthatisinarrears,theotherpartyisentitledtointerestonit,withoutprejudicetoanyclaimfordamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.如果一方当事人没有支付价款或任何其它拖欠金额，另一方当事人有权对这些款额收取利息，但不妨碍要求按照第七十四条规定可以取得的损害赔偿SectionIV.Exemptions第四节免责\nArticle79(1)Apartyisnotliableforafailuretoperformanyofhisobligationsifheprovesthatthefailurewasduetoanimpedimentbeyondhiscontrolandthathecouldnotreasonablybeexpectedtohavetakentheimpedimentintoaccountatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractortohaveavoidedorovercomeitoritsconsequences.　当事人对不履行义务，不负责任，如果他能证明此种不履行义务，是由于某种非他所能控制的障碍，而且对于这种障碍，没有理由预期他在订立合同时能考虑到或能避免或克服它或它的后果(2)Iftheparty'sfailureisduetothefailurebyathirdpersonwhomhehasengagedtoperformthewholeorapartofthecontract,thatpartyisexemptfromliabilityonlyif:　如果当事人不履行义务是由于他所雇用履行合同的全部或一部分规定的第三方不履行义务所致，该当事人只有在以下情况下才能免除责任(a)heisexemptundertheprecedingparagraph;and　他按照上一款的规定应免除责任，和(b)thepersonwhomhehassoengagedwouldbesoexemptiftheprovisionsofthatparagraphwereappliedtohim.　假如该项的规定也适用于他所雇用的人，这个人也同样会免除责任(3)Theexemptionprovidedbythisarticlehaseffectfortheperiodduringwhichtheimpedimentexists.\n　本条所规定的免责对障碍存在的期间有效(4)Thepartywhofailstoperformmustgivenoticetotheotherpartyoftheimpedimentanditseffectonhisabilitytoperform.Ifthenoticeisnotreceivedbytheotherpartywithinareasonabletimeafterthepartywhofailstoperformkneworoughttohaveknownoftheimpediment,heisliablefordamagesresultingfromsuchnon-receipt.　不履行义务的一方必须将障碍及其对他履行义务能力的影响通知另一方。如果该项通知在不履行义务的一方已知道或理应知道此一障碍后一段合理时间内仍未为另一方收到，则他对由于另一方未收到通知而造成的损害应负赔偿责任(5)NothinginthisarticlepreventseitherpartyfromexercisinganyrightotherthantoclaimdamagesunderthisConvention.　本条规定不妨碍任何一方行使本公约规定的要求损害赔偿以外的任何权利Article80Apartymaynotrelyonafailureoftheotherpartytoperform,totheextentthatsuchfailurewascausedbythefirstparty'sactoromission.一方当事人因其行为或不行为而使得另一方当事人不履行义务时，不得声称该另一方当事人不履行义务SectionV.Effectsofavoidance第五节宣告合同无效的效果\nArticle81(1)Avoidanceofthecontractreleasesbothpartiesfromtheirobligationsunderit,subjecttoanydamageswhichmaybedue.Avoidancedoesnotaffectanyprovisionofthecontractforthesettlementofdisputesoranyotherprovisionofthecontractgoverningtherightsandobligationsofthepartiesconsequentupontheavoidanceofthecontract.　宣告合同无效解除了双方在合同中的义务，但应负责的任何损害赔偿仍应负责。宣告合同无效不影响合同关于解决争端的任何规定，也不影响合同中关于双方在宣告合同无效后权利和义务的任何其它规定(2)Apartywhohasperformedthecontracteitherwhollyorinpartmayclaimrestitutionfromtheotherpartyofwhateverthefirstpartyhassuppliedorpaidunderthecontract.Ifbothpartiesareboundtomakerestitution,theymustdosoconcurrently.　已全部或局部履行合同的一方，可以要求另一方归还他按照合同供应的货物或支付的价款，如果双方都须归还，他们必须同时这样做Article82(1)Thebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedortorequirethesellertodeliversubstitutegoodsifitisimpossibleforhimtomakerestitutionofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichhereceivedthem.　\n买方如果不可能按实际收到货物的原状归还货物，他就丧失宣告合同无效或要求卖方交付替代货物的权利(2)Theprecedingparagraphdoesnotapply:　上一款的规定不适用于以下情况(a)iftheimpossibilityofmakingrestitutionofthegoodsorofmakingrestitutionofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichthebuyerreceivedthemisnotduetohisactoromission;　如果不可能归还货物或不可能按实际收到货物的原状归还货物，并非由于买方的行为或不行为所造成；或者(b)ifthegoodsorpartofthegoodshaveperishedordeterioratedasaresultoftheexaminationprovidedforinarticle38;or　如果货物或其中一部分的毁灭或变坏，是由于按照第三十八条规定进行检验所致；或者(c)ifthegoodsorpartofthegoodshavebeensoldinthenormalcourseofbusinessorhavebeenconsumedortransformedbythebuyerinthecourseofnormalusebeforehediscoveredoroughttohavediscoveredthelackofconformity.　如果货物或其中一部分，在买方发现或理应发现与合同不符以前，已为买方在正常营业过程中售出，或在正常使用过程中消费或改变Article83Abuyerwhohaslosttherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedortorequirethesellertodeliversubstitutegoodsinaccordancewitharticle82retainsallotherremediesunderthecontractandthisConvention.\n买方虽然依第八十二条规定丧失宣告合同无效或要求卖方交付替代货物的权利，但是根据合同和本公约规定，他仍保有采取一切其它补救办法的权利Article84(1)Ifthesellerisboundtorefundtheprice,hemustalsopayinterestonit,fromthedateonwhichthepricewaspaid.　如果卖方有义务归还价款，他必须同时从支付价款之日起支付价款利息(2)Thebuyermustaccounttothesellerforallbenefitswhichhehasderivedfromthegoodsorpartofthem:　在以下情况下，买方必须向卖方说明他从货物或其中一部分得到的一切利益(a)ifhemustmakerestitutionofthegoodsorpartofthem;or　如果他必须归还货物或其中一部分；或者(b)ifitisimpossibleforhimtomakerestitutionofallorpartofthegoodsortomakerestitutionofallorpartofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichhereceivedthem,buthehasneverthelessdeclaredthecontractavoidedorrequiredthesellertodeliversubstitutegoods.如果他不可能归还全部或一部分货物，或不可能按实际收到货物的原状归还全部或一部分货物，但他已宣告合同无效或已要求卖方支付替代货物SectionVI.Preservationofthegoods\n第六节保全货物Article85Ifthebuyerisindelayintakingdeliveryofthegoodsor,wherepaymentofthepriceanddeliveryofthegoodsaretobemadeconcurrently,ifhefailstopaytheprice,andtheselleriseitherinpossessionofthegoodsorotherwiseabletocontroltheirdisposition,thesellermusttakesuchstepsasarereasonableinthecircumstancestopreservethem.Heisentitledtoretainthemuntilhehasbeenreimbursedhisreasonableexpensesbythebuyer.如果买方推迟收取货物，或在支付价款和交付货物应同时履行时，买方没有支付价款，而卖方仍拥有这些货物或仍能控制这些货物的处置权，卖方必须按情况采取合理措施，以保全货物。他有权保有这些货物，直至买方把他所付的合理费用偿还他为止Article86(1)IfthebuyerhasreceivedthegoodsandintendstoexerciseanyrightunderthecontractorthisConventiontorejectthem,hemusttakesuchstepstopreservethemasarereasonableinthecircumstances.Heisentitledtoretainthemuntilhehasbeenreimbursedhisreasonableexpensesbytheseller.　如果买方已收到货物，但打算行使合同或本公约规定的任何权利，把货物退回，他必须按情况采取合理措施，以保全货物。他有权保有这些货物，直至卖方把他所付的合理费用偿还给他为止(2)Ifgoodsdispatchedtothebuyerhavebeenplacedathisdisposalattheirdestinationandhe\nexercisestherighttorejectthem,hemusttakepossessionofthemonbehalfoftheseller,providedthatthiscanbedonewithoutpaymentofthepriceandwithoutunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.Thisprovisiondoesnotapplyifthesellerorapersonauthorizedtotakechargeofthegoodsonhisbehalfispresentatthedestination.Ifthebuyertakespossessionofthegoodsunderthisparagraph,hisrightsandobligationsaregovernedbytheprecedingparagraph.　如果发运给买方的货物已到达目的地，并交给买方处置，而买方行使退货权利，则买方必须代表卖方收取货物，除非他这样做需要支付价款而且会使他遭受不合理的不便或需承担不合理的费用。如果卖方或受权代表他掌管货物的人也在目的地，则此一规定不适用。如果买方根据本款规定收取货物，他的权利和义务与上一款所规定的相同Article87Apartywhoisboundtotakestepstopreservethegoodsmaydeposittheminawarehouseofathirdpersonattheexpenseoftheotherpartyprovidedthattheexpenseincurredisnotunreasonable.有义务采取措施以保全货物的一方当事人，可以把货物寄放在第三方的仓库，由另一方当事人担负费用，但该项费用必须合理Article88(1)Apartywhoisboundtopreservethegoodsinaccordancewitharticle85or86maysellthembyanyappropriatemeansiftherehasbeenanunreasonabledelaybytheotherpartyintaking\npossessionofthegoodsorintakingthembackorinpayingthepriceorthecostofpreservation,providedthatreasonablenoticeoftheintentiontosellhasbeengiventotheotherparty.　果另一方当事人在收取货物或收回货物或支付价款或保全货物费用方面有不合理的迟延，按照第八十五条或第八十六条规定有义务保全货物的一方当事人,可以采取任何适当办法，把货物出售，但必须事前向另一方当事人发出合理的意向通知(2)Ifthegoodsaresubjecttorapiddeteriorationortheirpreservationwouldinvolveunreasonableexpense,apartywhoisboundtopreservethegoodsinaccordancewitharticle85or86musttakereasonablemeasurestosellthem.Totheextent　possiblehemustgivenoticetotheotherpartyofhisintentiontosell.　如果货物易于迅速变坏，或者货物的保全牵涉到不合理的费用，则按照第八十五条或第八十六条规定有义务保全货物的一方当事人，必须采取合理措施，把货物出售，在可能的范围内，他必须把出售货物的打算通知另一方当事人(3)Apartysellingthegoodshastherighttoretainoutoftheproceedsofsaleanamountequaltothereasonableexpensesofpreservingthegoodsandofsellingthem.Hemustaccounttotheotherpartyforthebalance.　出售货物的一方当事人，有权从销售所得收入中扣回为保全货物和销售货物而付的合理费用。他必须向另一方当事人说明所余款项PARTIV　FINALPROVISIONS　　　　最后条款\nArticle89TheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsisherebydesignatedasthedepositaryforthisConvention..兹指定联合国秘书长为本公约保管人Article90ThisConventiondoesnotprevailoveranyinternationalagreementwhichhasalreadybeenormaybeenteredintoandwhichcontainsprovisionsconcerningthemattersgovernedbythisConvention,providedthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessinStatespartiestosuchagreement.本公约不优于业已缔结或可以缔结并载有与属于本公约范围内事项有关的条款的任何国际协定，但以双方当事人的营业地均在这种协定的缔约国内为限Article91(1)ThisConventionisopenforsignatureattheconcludingmeetingoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsandwillremainopenforsignaturebyallStatesattheHeadquartersoftheUnitedNations,NewYorkuntil30September1981.　本公约在联合国国际货物销售合同会议闭幕会议上开放签字，并在纽约联合国总部继续开放签字，直至１９８１年９月３０日为止(2)ThisConventionissubjecttoratification,acceptanceorapprovalbythesignatoryStates.\n　本公约须经签字国批准、接受或核准(3)ThisConventionisopenforaccessionbyallStateswhicharenotsignatoryStatesasfromthedateitisopenforsignature.　本公约从开放签字之日起开放给所有非签字国加入(4)Instrumentsofratification,acceptance,approvalandaccessionaretobedepositedwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.　批准书、接受书、核准书和加入书应送交联合国秘书长存放Article92(1)AContractingStatemaydeclareatthetimeofsignature,ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessionthatitwillnotbeboundbyPartIIofthisConventionorthatitwillnotbeboundbyPartIIIofthisConvention.　缔约国可在签字、批准、接受、核准或加入时声明他不受本公约第二部分的约束或不受本公约第三部分的约束(2)AContractingStatewhichmakesadeclarationinaccordancewiththeprecedingparagraphinrespectofPartIIorPartIIIofthisConventionisnottobeconsideredaContractingStatewithinparagraph(1)ofarticle1ofthisConventioninrespectofmattersgovernedbytheParttowhichthedeclarationapplies.　按照上一款规定就本公约第二部分或第三部分做出声明的缔约国，在该声明适用的部分所规定事项上，不得视为本公约第一条第（１）款范围内的缔约国\nArticle93(1)IfaContractingStatehastwoormoreterritorialunitsinwhich,accordingtoitsconstitution,differentsystemsoflawareapplicableinrelationtothemattersdealtwithinthisConvention,itmay,atthetimeofsignature,ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,declarethatthisConventionistoextendtoallitsterritorialunitsoronlytooneormoreofthem,andmayamenditsdeclarationbysubmittinganotherdeclarationatanytime.　如果缔约国具有两个或两个以上的领土单位，而依照该国宪法规定、各领土单位对本公约所规定的事项适用不同的法律制度，则该国得在签字、批准、接受、核准或加入时声明本公约适用于该国全部领土单位或仅适用于其中的一个或数个领土单位，并且可以随时提出另一声明来修改其所做的声明(2)ThesedeclarationsaretobenotifiedtothedepositaryandaretostateexpresslytheterritorialunitstowhichtheConventionextends.　此种声明应通知保管人，并且明确地说明适用本公约的领土单位(3)If,byvirtueofadeclarationunderthisarticle,thisConventionextendstooneormorebutnotalloftheterritorialunitsofaContractingState,andiftheplaceofbusinessofapartyislocatedinthatState,thisplaceofbusiness,forthepurposesofthisConvention,isconsiderednottobeinaContractingState,unlessitisinaterritorialunittowhichtheConventionextends.　如果根据按本条做出的声明，本公约适用于缔约国的一个或数个但不是全部领土单位，而且一方当事人的营业地位于该缔约国内，则为本公约的目的，该营业地除非位于本公约适用的领土单位内，否则视为不在缔约国内(4)IfaContractingStatemakesnodeclarationunderparagraph(1)ofthisarticle,theConvention\nistoextendtoallterritorialunitsofthatState.　如果缔约国没有按照本条第（１）款做出声明，则本公约适用于该国所有领土单位Article94(1)TwoormoreContractingStateswhichhavethesameorcloselyrelatedlegalrulesonmattersgovernedbythisConventionmayatanytimedeclarethattheConventionisnottoapplytocontractsofsaleortotheirformationwherethepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessinthoseStates.Suchdeclarationsmaybemadejointlyorbyreciprocalunilateraldeclarations.　对属于本公约范围的事项具有相同或非常近似的法律规则的两个或两个以上的缔约国，可随时声明本公约不适用于营业地在这些缔约国内的当事人之间的销售合同，也不适用于这些合同的订立。此种声明可联合做出，也可以相互单方面声明的方式做出(2)AContractingStatewhichhasthesameorcloselyrelatedlegalrulesonmattersgovernedbythisConventionasoneormorenon-ContractingStatesmayatanytimedeclarethattheConventionisnottoapplytocontractsofsaleortotheirformationwherethepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessinthoseStates.　对属于本公约范围的事项具有与一个或一个以上非缔约国相同或非常近似的法律规则的缔约国，可随时声明本公约不适用于营业地在这些非缔约国内的当事人之间的销售合同，也不适用于这些合同的订立(3)IfaStatewhichistheobjectofadeclarationundertheprecedingparagraphsubsequentlybecomesaContractingState,thedeclarationmadewill,asfromthedateonwhichtheConventionentersintoforceinrespectofthenewContractingState,havetheeffectofadeclarationmade\nunderparagraph(1),providedthatthenewContractingStatejoinsinsuchdeclarationormakesareciprocalunilateraldeclaration.　作为根据上一款所做声明对象的国家如果后来成为缔约国，这项声明从本公约对该新缔约国生效之日起，具有根据第（１）款所做声明的效力，但以该新缔约国加入这项声明，或做出相互单方面声明为限Article95AnyStatemaydeclareatthetimeofthedepositofitsinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessionthatitwillnotbeboundbysubparagraph(1)(b)ofarticle1ofthisConvention.任何国家在交存其批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书时，可声明它不受本公约第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项的约束Article96AContractingStatewhoselegislationrequirescontractsofsaletobeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingmayatanytimemakeadeclarationinaccordancewitharticle12thatanyprovisionofarticle11,article29,orPartIIofthisConvention,thatallowsacontractofsaleoritsmodificationorterminationbyagreementoranyoffer,acceptance,orotherindicationofintentiontobemadeinanyformotherthaninwriting,doesnotapplywhereanypartyhashisplaceofbusinessinthatState.\n本国法律规定销售合同必须以书面订立或书面证明的缔约国，可以随时按照第十二条的规定，声明本公约第十一条、第二十九条或第二部分准许销售合同或其更改或根据协议终止，或者任何发价、接受或其它意旨表示得以书面以外任何形式做出的任何规定不适用，如果任何一方当事人的营业地是在该缔约国内Article97(1)DeclarationsmadeunderthisConventionatthetimeofsignaturearesubjecttoconfirmationuponratification,acceptanceorapproval.　根据本公约规定在签字时做出的声明，须在批准、接受或核准时加以确认(2)Declarationsandconfirmationsofdeclarationsaretobeinwritingandbeformallynotifiedtothedepositary.　声明和声明的确认，应以书面提出，并应正式通知保管人(3)AdeclarationtakeseffectsimultaneouslywiththeentryintoforceofthisConventioninrespectoftheStateconcerned.However,adeclarationofwhichthedepositaryreceivesformalnotificationaftersuchentryintoforcetakeseffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofsixmonthsafterthedateofitsreceiptbythedepositary.Reciprocalunilateraldeclarationsunderarticle94takeeffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofsixmonthsafterthereceiptofthelatestdeclarationbythedepositary.　声明在本公约对有关国家开始生效时同时生效。但是，保管人于此种生效后收到正式通知的声明，应于保管人收到声明之日起６个月后的第１个月第１天生效。根据第九十四条规定做出的相互单方面声明，应于保管人收到最后一份声明之日起６个月后的第１个月第１天生效(4)AnyStatewhichmakesadeclarationunderthisConventionmaywithdrawitatanytimebya\nformalnotificationinwritingaddressedtothedepositary.Suchwithdrawalistotakeeffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofsixmonthsafterthedateofthereceiptofthenotificationbythedepositary.　根据本公约规定做出声明的任何国家可以随时用书面正式通知保管人撤回该项声明。此种撤回于保管人收到通知之日起６个月后的第１个月第１天生效(5)Awithdrawalofadeclarationmadeunderarticle94rendersinoperative,asfromthedateonwhichthewithdrawaltakeseffect,anyreciprocaldeclarationmadebyanotherStateunderthatarticle.　撤回根据第九十四条做出的声明，自撤回生效之日起，就会使另一国家根据该条所做的任何相互声明失效Article98NoreservationsarepermittedexceptthoseexpresslyauthorizedinthisConvention.除本公约明文许可的保留外，不得作任何保留Article99(1)ThisConventionentersintoforce,subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(6)ofthisarticle,onthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationoftwelvemonthsafterthedateofdepositofthetenthinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,includinganinstrumentwhichcontainsadeclarationmadeunderarticle92.\n　在本条第（６）款规定的条件下，本公约在第十件批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书、包括载有根据第九十二条规定做出的声明的文书交存之日起１２月后的第１个月第１天生效(2)WhenaStateratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothisConventionafterthedepositofthetenthinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,thisConvention,withtheexceptionofthePartexcluded,entersintoforceinrespectofthatState,subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(6)ofthisarticle,onthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationoftwelvemonthsafterthedateofthedepositofitsinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession.　在本条第（６）款规定的条件下，对于在第１０件批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存后才批准、接受、核准或加入本公约的国家，本公约在该国交存其批准书、接受书、核准车或加入书之日起１２个月后的第１个月第１天对该国生效，但不适用的部分除外(3)AStatewhichratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothisConventionandisapartytoeitherorboththeConventionrelatingtoaUniformLawontheFormationofContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsdoneatTheHagueon1July1964(1964HagueFormationConvention)andtheConventionrelatingtoaUniformLawontheInternationalSaleofGoodsdoneatTheHagueon1July1964(1964HagueSalesConvention)shallatthesametimedenounce,asthecasemaybe,eitherorboththe1964HagueSalesConventionandthe1964HagueFormationConventionbynotifyingtheGovernmentoftheNetherlandstothateffect.　\n批准、接受、核准或加入本公约的国家，如果是１９６４年７月１日海牙签订的《关于国际货物销售合同的订立统一法公约》（《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》）和１９６４年７月１日在海牙签订的《关于国际货物销售统一法的公约》（《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》）中一项或两项公约的缔约国。应按情况同时通知荷兰政府声明退出《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》或《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》）或退出该两公约(4)AStatepartytothe1964HagueSalesConventionwhichratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothepresentConventionanddeclaresorhasdeclaredunderarticle52thatitwillnotbeboundbyPartIIofthisConventionshallatthetimeofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessiondenouncethe1964HagueSalesConventionbynotifyingtheGovernmentoftheNetherlandstothateffect.　凡为《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》缔约国并批准、接受、核准或加入本公约和根据第九十二条规定声明或业已声明不受本公约第二部分约束的国家，应于批准、接受、核准或加入时通知荷兰政府声明退出《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》。　　（５）凡为《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》缔约国并批准、接受、核准或加入本公约和根据第九十二条规定声明或业已声明不受本公约第三部分约束的国家，应于批准、接受、核准或加入时通知荷兰政府声明退出《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》(5)AStatepartytothe1964HagueFormationConventionwhichratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothepresentConventionanddeclaresorhasdeclaredunderarticle92thatitwillnotbeboundbyPartIIIofthisConventionshallatthetimeofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessiondenouncethe1964HagueFormationConventionbynotifyingtheGovernmentoftheNetherlandstothateffect.　凡为《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》缔约国并批准、接受、核准或加入本公约和根据第九十二条规定声明或业已声明不受本公约第三部分约束的国家，应于批准、接受、核准或加入时通知荷兰政府声明退出《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》(6)Forthepurposeofthisarticle,ratifications,acceptances,approvalsandaccessionsinrespectofthisConventionbyStatespartiestothe1964HagueFormationConventionortothe1964Hague\nSalesConventionshallnotbeeffectiveuntilsuchdenunciationsasmayberequiredonthepartofthoseStatesinrespectofthelattertwoConventionshavethemselvesbecomeeffective.ThedepositaryofthisConventionshallconsultwiththeGovernmentoftheNetherlands,asthedepositaryofthe1964Conventions,soastoensurenecessaryco-ordinationinthisrespect.　为本条的目的，《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》或《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》的缔约国的批准、接受、核准或加入本公约，应在这些国家按照规定退出该两公约生效后方始生效。本公约保管人应与１９６４年两公约的保管人荷兰政府进行协商，以确保在这方面进行必要的协调Article100(1)ThisConventionappliestotheformationofacontractonlywhentheproposalforconcludingthecontractismadeonorafterthedatewhentheConventionentersintoforceinrespectoftheContractingStatesreferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(a)ortheContractingStatereferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(b)ofarticle1.本公约适用于合同的订立，只要订立该合同的建议是在本公约对第一条第（１）款（ａ）项所指缔约国或第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项所指缔约国生效之日或其后作出的(2)ThisConventionappliesonlytocontractsconcludedonorafterthedatewhentheConventionentersintoforceinrespectoftheContractingStatesreferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(a)ortheContractingStatereferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(b)ofarticle1.　本公约只适用于在它对第一条第（１）款（ａ）项所指缔约国或第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项所指缔约国生效之日或其后订立的合同\nArticle101(1)AContractingStatemaydenouncethisConvention,orPartIIorPartIIIoftheConvention,byaformalnotificationinwritingaddressedtothedepositary.　缔约国可以用书面正式通知保管人声明退出本公约，或本公约第二部分或第三部分(2)Thedenunciationtakeseffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationoftwelvemonthsafterthenotificationisreceivedbythedepositary.Wherealongerperiodforthedenunciationtotakeeffectisspecifiedinthenotification,thedenunciationtakeseffectupontheexpirationofsuchlongerperiodafterthenotificationisreceivedbythedepositary.　退出于保管人收到通知１２个月后的第１个月第１天起生效。凡通知内订明一段退出生效的更长时间，则退出于保管人收到通知后该段更长时间满时起生效DONEatVienna,thisdayofeleventhdayofApril,onethousandninehundredandeighty,inasingleoriginal,ofwhichtheArabic,Chinese,English,French,RussianandSpanishtextsareequallyauthentic.INWITNESSWHEREOFtheundersignedplenipotentiaries,beingdulyauthorizedbytheirrespectiveGovernments,havesignedthisConvention.１９８4年４月１１日订于维也纳，正本１份，其阿拉伯文本、中文本、英文本、法文本、俄文本和西班牙文本都具有同等效力。下列全权代表，经各自政府正式授权，在本公约上签字，以资证明\n　　＊本公约于１９８８年１月１日生效。１９８１年９月３０日中华人民共和国政府代表签署本公约，１９８６年１２月　　１１日交存核准书。核准书中载明，中国不受公约第一条第（１）款（Ｄ）、第十一条及与第十一条内容有关的规定的约束。\n　　《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》是联合国国际贸易法委员会（ＵＮＣＩＴ－ＲＡＬ）于１９８０年４月１１日在维也纳召开的外交会议上通过的。该公约于１９８８年１月１日生效。目前批准加入和认可该公约的国家有３２个国家，它们是：阿根廷①、澳大利亚、奥地利、保加利亚、白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国、加拿大⑧⑨、智利①、中国②＊、捷克斯洛伐克③、丹麦④、⑤、埃及、芬兰④⑤、法国、法国⑦、加纳、几内亚、匈牙利①、伊拉克、意大利、莱索托、墨西哥、荷兰、挪威④⑤、波兰、罗马尼亚、新加坡、瑞典④、⑤、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、美利坚合众国③、委瑞内拉、乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国①、苏联①、南斯拉夫、赞比亚。上述国别后之序号代表该国在加入公约时所做的声明和保留内容，具体如下：①阿根廷、白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国、智利、匈牙利和乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国政府在批准该公约时根据公约第十二条和第九十六条规定声明，公约第十一条、第二十九条或第二部分任何条款凡准予以书面形式以外的任何形式签订销售合同或根据协议对其进行修改或予以终止，或进行报价、认可或表示意向者不适用于在它们各自国家内设有营业点的任何当事方。②中国政府在认可公约时宣布，它不受第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项和第十一条的约束，也不受公约内与第十一条内容有关的规定的约束。③捷克斯洛伐克政府和美利坚合众国政府在批准公约时宣布，它们不受第一条第一款（ｂ）项的约束。④丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典政府在批准公约时根据第九十二条第（１）款的规定宣布，它们不受公约第二部分（合同的订立）的约束。⑤丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典政府在批准公约时根据第九十四条第（１）款和第（２）款声明，公约不适用于营业地点设在丹麦、芬兰、瑞典、冰岛或挪威的当事方的销售合同。⑥匈牙利政府在批准公约时声明，它认为经济互助委员会各成员国组织之间交货的共同条件应受公约第九十条规定的约束。⑦德国政府在批准公约时宣布，对于已经声明不适用第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项的任何国家，它将不适用第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项。⑧加拿大政府在加入该公约时宣布，根据该公约第９３条，该公约不适用于艾伯塔、不列颠哥伦比亚，曼尼托巴、新不伦瑞克、纽芬兰、新斯科舍、安大略、受德华太子岛和西北地区。⑨加拿大政府在加入该公约时宣布，根据该公约第９５条，就不列颠哥伦比亚而言，加拿大不受该公约第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项的约束。＊中国政府于１９８１年９月３０日在公约上签字并于１９８６年１２月１１日批准该公约。＊前德意志民主共和国１９８１年８月１３日签署，１９８９年２月２３日批准　　了该公约；公约于１９９０年３月１日生效。