初中英语语法第5集 名师讲解+配套练习题 - 简单句 17页

初中英语语法English Grammar 简单句 （陈述句 疑问句 反义疑问句 感叹句 祈使句 倒装句 并列连词）‎ ‎******************************************************‎ 第十三章 简单句（The simple sentences）‎ 名师导航 ‎1．陈述句的概念及其肯定形式和否定形式。‎ ‎2．一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的结构及 ‎ 答语、祈使句、倒装句的用法。‎ ‎3．what和how引导的感叹句 ‎4. 并列句及并列连词 考点梳理 考点一 陈述句 陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表示说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。‎ ‎1．肯定形式 I have a new friend. 我有一个新朋友。‎ ‎2．否定形式 ‎(1)谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not。如：‎ He is not watching TV now. 他现在没有看电视。‎ He can't find his new pen. 他找不到他的新钢笔。‎ ‎(2)谓语动词是实义动词，则需在前面加don't, doesn't 或 didn't，同时把该实义动词变为原形。如：‎ He draws well. 他画画好。(肯定)‎ He doesn't draw well.他画画不好。(否定)‎ ‎(3)使用含有否定意义的形容词、副词、代词。如 no, hardly, never, little, nothing, nobody, neither 等，也可构成陈述句的否定式。如：‎ He can hardly speak Chinese.他几乎不会说中文。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 翻译下列句子 ‎1.他从不玩电脑游戏。 ‎ ‎2.我认为这不是一个好主意。 ‎ ‎3.在我遇到麻烦时他从不帮我(give me a hand)。‎ ‎3.He when I’m in trouble.‎ ‎4.那个人一定是你的老师。 ‎ 考点二 疑问句 ‎1．一般疑问句 能用yes/no(或相当于yes/no的词)来回答的问句叫作一般疑问句。‎ ‎(1)各种时态的一般疑问句(略)。‎ ‎(2)一般疑问句的回答用yes或no。如：‎ ‎—Does she go to school at 7：30 every day?‎ 她每天七点半去上学吗？ ‎ ‎—________________________________．‎ 是的，她是。/不，不是。‎ ‎(3)否定疑问句的答语 否定疑问句通常是以“be/情态动词/助动词＋not”的缩写形式开头的，表示请求、看法或者惊讶等。其答语和汉语习惯不一样。如：‎ ‎—Aren't you a student? 你不是一名学生吗？‎ ‎—____________________________．‎ 不，我是。/是的，我不是。‎ ‎2．特殊疑问句 用疑问词引导的疑问句叫作特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句一般用降调读，其回答不用yes 或 no。‎ 特殊疑问句的疑问词包括疑问代词和疑问副词。常见的疑问代词有what, which, who, whom, whose；常见的疑问副词有when, where, why, how等。如：‎ ‎—Where are you going? 你要去哪儿？‎ ‎—To the supermarket to buy some fruit. ‎ 去超市买点水果。‎ ‎—How much coffee do you want? 你要多少咖啡？‎ ‎—Two cups. 两杯。‎ ‎3．选择疑问句 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“一般疑问句＋选项”或“特殊疑问句＋选项”。选择部分由or连接，or 前面的部分读升调， or 后面的部分读降调。‎ 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须选择其中之一作答。如：‎ ‎—Is your bag yellow or black?‎ 你的书包是黄色的还是黑色的？‎ ‎—It's black. 它是黑色的。 ‎ Which do you like better, pork or beef?‎ 猪肉和牛肉，你更喜欢哪一种？‎ ‎—I like beef better. 我更喜欢牛肉。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎1.______ does your mother do? She is a worker.‎ A. Who B. Where C. how D. What ‎2.--____ is her daughter?--The girl on the right wearing blue jeans.‎ A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where ‎3.--___ do I take the medicine, Mr. Wang?--Twice a day after meals.‎ A. How often B. How many C. How long D. How soon ‎4.----Excuse me._____ do you say “autumn” in American English?‎ ‎----It’s “fall”.‎ A. How B. When C. Where D. why ‎5.--I’m sorry I can’t lend you the e-dictionary.‎ ‎--_____?Didn’t you promise me?‎ A. What B. How C. When D. which 考点三 反意疑问句 A. 反意疑问句的构成： 陈述句＋附加疑问句？附加疑问句的否定式必须缩写。‎ B. ‎1．陈述句部分与附加疑问句部分意思相反： 即前肯后否、前否后肯。如：‎ C. Mary is a teacher, __________？‎ D. He didn't tell you the story，__________？ ‎ E. ‎2．反意疑问句的基本对应形式如下：‎ F. ‎(1)be动词对应be动词。如：‎ G. She is a policewoman, __________？‎ H. ‎(2)情态动词对应情态动词。如：‎ I. He can drive the car, __________？ ‎ J. ‎(3)行为动词对应助动词的相应形式。这种助动词主要指帮助构成疑问句或否定句的do/does/did 以及它们的否定形式。如：‎ K. He slept for 9 hours yesterday, __________？ [来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ L. He didn't go to the park, __________？‎ M. ‎3．特殊形式 N. ‎(1)当陈述句中含有表示否定的代词或形容词，如nothing, none, no one, nobody, neither, few, little等，或含有表示否定的副词never, hardly, seldom时，则附加疑问部分只能用肯定式。如：‎ O. Linda has never been to Beijing, __________？‎ A. You can hardly see the blackboard clearly, __________？‎ B. ‎(2)祈使句的反意疑问句的附加疑问句部分用will you/won't you。如：‎ C. Open the window, ？ ‎ ‎[注意] Let's go and have a look, shall we?‎ ‎(us表示包括听话人在内)‎ Let us clean the classroom, will you? ‎ ‎(us表示不包括听话人在内)‎ 结论：以let's开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we; 以let us(him, me, her…)开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用will you。‎ ‎(3)主语后有“'s”的。如：‎ He's in the room, isn't he？(He's＝He is)‎ He's gone to the park, hasn't he？(He's＝He has)‎ ‎(4)陈述部分的谓语是used to时，附加疑问部分用“didn't＋主语”或“usedn't＋主语”。如：‎ He used to go to bed late, didn't he/usedn't he?‎ ‎(5)含有need的反意疑问句：‎ ‎①need 是实义动词时。如：‎ We need to come earlier, don't we?‎ ‎②need 是情态动词时。如：‎ We needn't come so early, need we?‎ ‎4．当陈述部分是否定句时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。‎ ‎ 英语回答时，若表示与事实一致，就用“Yes＋肯定结构”；若表示与事实相反，就用“No＋否定结构”。如：‎ ‎—You didn't play football yesterday, did you?‎ ‎— ___________ _ _ ‎ ‎“昨天你没有踢足球，是吗？”‎ ‎“不，我去踢了。”/“是的，我没踢。”‎ ‎[提醒] ①当主语是nobody, somebody, everybody 等不定代词时，附加疑问部分的主语既可用he，也可用they。如：‎ Nobody wants to be old, does he/do they?‎ 没有人想变老，是吗？‎ ‎②当主语是nothing, something, anything, everything 等不定代词时，附加疑问部分的主语用it。如：‎ Nothing is left, is it? 没有东西丢下，对吗？‎ ‎③在there be 结构中，附加疑问部分用be there。如：‎ There is nothing wrong with me, is there?‎ 我没有什么问题，对吗？‎ ‎5．主从复合句的反意疑问句 ‎(1)陈述部分是“I/We think/believe/suppose/consider/＋ that从句” (主语是第一人称)或有I'm sure that; I'm afraid that; We are sure that; We are afraid that; I feel sure that; I hope that; We feel sure that; It seems that时，附加疑问部分的主语应和从句相一致，但要注意否定前移的现象。如： ‎ I don't think he is right, is he? ‎ 我认为他是不对的，是吗？‎ I'm sure that you know him well, don't you?‎ 你肯定非常了解他，是吧？‎ ‎(2)如果主语是其他人称，附加疑问部分的主语和主句一致。如：‎ He believed you could succeed, didn't he?‎ 他相信你能成功，是吗？‎ She doesn't know if Jim is a good student, does she? ‎ 她不知道吉姆是否是一个好学生，是吗？‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 改为反义疑问句。‎ ‎1.We don’t believe tortoises(乌龟) can live up to 150 years.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.He has few friends at school.‎ ‎ _________________________________________‎ ‎3.Pass me the salt. ‎ ‎4.There is a book on the desk. ‎ ‎5.Let’s go shopping. ‎ ‎6.She said he would come come tomorrow. ‎ 考点四 感叹句 感叹句一般用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用“what”或“how”引导，句末用感叹号。‎ ‎1．what引导的感叹句 ‎(1)What＋a/an＋形容词＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)！如：‎ What a beautiful picture (it is)! 多漂亮的一幅画啊！‎ ‎__________ important meeting (it is)!‎ 多重要的一次会议啊！[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ ‎(2)What＋形容词＋复数可数名词/不可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)！如：‎ What interesting stories (they are)! 多有趣的故事啊！‎ ‎________________________！多糟糕的天气啊！‎ ‎2．how引导的感叹句 ‎(1)How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！如：‎ How tall the tree is! 这棵树真高啊！‎ ‎______________the horse is running! ‎ 这匹马跑得真快啊！‎ ‎(2)How＋陈述句(主语＋谓语)！如：‎ How she loves her daughter!她多么爱自己的女儿啊！‎ ‎(3)How＋形容词＋a/an＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)！如：‎ How beautiful a girl (she is)! 她是个多漂亮的女孩啊！‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 改为感叹句 ‎1.Jim is a brave boy. ‎ ‎2.The fish tastes delicious. ‎ ‎3.The boy is very naughty. ‎ ‎4.He is a quick runner. ‎ ‎5.The stories are interesting. ‎ 考点五 祈使句 表示请求、警告、建议或命令的句子叫作祈使句。祈使句的主语一般是you(听话人)，通常省略，其谓语动词一律用动词原形。句末用感叹号或句号，语调读降调。‎ ‎1．祈使句的肯定形式 ‎(1)句中只有不及物动词。如： ‎ Come here! 过来！‎ Look! 看！‎ Come in! 进来！‎ ‎(2)及物动词＋宾语。如：‎ Close the door! 关门！‎ Open your books! 翻开课本！[来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ ‎(3)系动词＋表语。如：‎ Be quiet, please! 请安静！‎ ‎______________！小心！‎ ‎2．祈使句的否定形式 祈使句否定形式的构成是直接在动词原形前加don't。为了表示礼貌，也可以加上please。如：‎ ‎_____________________. 不要在课堂上讲话。‎ Don't close the window, please. 请不要关窗户。‎ ‎3．let祈使句型表示“建议”‎ 这种祈使句的否定结构是在let's后加not。如：‎ Let's go. 咱们走吧！‎ Let's not go now. 咱们现在先别走。‎ ‎4．回答祈使句用将来时 ‎—Remember to close the window when you leave.‎ 记住离开时关窗。‎ ‎—______________. 好的，我会的。‎ ‎—Don't talk in class. 课堂上不要讲话。‎ ‎—______________. 对不起，我不会了。‎ ‎5．“祈使句＋and/or＋结果状语”句型 此句型可以转换成由if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句。如：‎ Hurry up, or you will be late.‎ 快点，否则就迟到了。‎ ‎＝If you don't hurry up, you__________late.‎ 如果你不抓紧时间，就要迟到了。‎ ‎＝If you hurry up, you__________late.‎ 如果你快点，就不会迟到。‎ ‎6．祈使句的反意疑问句需特别注意(见考点三)‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 翻译下列句子 ‎1．请不要在教室里听音乐。‎ ‎ ________ ________ to music in the classroom, please.‎ ‎2．在图书馆要保持安静。‎ ‎ Please ________ ________ in the library.‎ 祝你好运。 ‎ ‎4.请让我看一看（have a look） ‎ ‎5.让我们共同保护环境（protect environment） ‎ 考点六 倒装句 ‎1．there be句型 there be 句型是一个典型的倒装句。它表示“某处有某物”，主语是be动词后面的名词。如：‎ ‎__________ a river near our school.‎ 我们学校附近有一条河。‎ ‎2．以so/neither/nor开头的句子 当前面的内容也适用于后者时，用倒装句“so/neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语”。如：‎ He has been to Dalian, and ________________．‎ 他去过大连，我也去过。‎ John can't speak Japanese, ________________．‎ 约翰不会讲日语，海伦也不会。‎ ‎3．副词位于句首时 当here, there, now, then等副词位于句首时，谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run 等。如：‎ Here is your letter.这是你的信。‎ ‎[注意] 这种倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词；如果主语是人称代词，则用部分倒装。如：‎ Here he comes.他来了。‎ Here you are.给你。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎1．--My mother and I will go to Shanghai this summer. 　　‎ ‎---______. Shall we go together?‎ A. So do I    B. So can I   C. So am I  D. So will I ‎2．He swam in the river this summer. ________‎ A. So did he. B. So she did. C. So did she ‎3．— My mother hardly watches any sports shows. ‎ ‎—______.‎ A. So do I B. So does mine ‎ C. Neither does I D. Neither does mine ‎4.----Would you like to go to the amusement park?‎ ‎----If Jack does, __________. ‎ A. I go, too B. so will I ‎ C. neither will I D. so do I ‎ ‎5.Attention, please! There _________a basketball game between our class and Class 5.‎ A. has B. is going to be C. will have D. is going to have 考点七 并列连词 ‎1．表示并列关系的： and(和；同；与)，both…and…(……和……都), not only…but also…(不仅……而且……), as well as(而且；还；又), neither…nor…(既不……也不……)。如：‎ He likes drawing and I like dancing. ‎ 他喜欢画画，我喜欢跳舞。‎ ‎2．表示选择关系的： or(或；或者；还是；否则；不然)，either…or…(或者……或者……； 不是……就是……)。如：‎ After supper, I often watch TV ______ take a walk. ‎ 晚饭后，我经常看电视或散步。‎ Work hard, ______ you will fall behind. ‎ 努力学习，否则你就会落后。‎ Either you or he is going to do some shopping this afternoon. 今天下午或者你或者他去购物。‎ ‎3．表示转折关系的： but(但；但是；可是), while(然而)。如：‎ She was very tired，______ she kept working till midnight. 她虽然很累了，但还是一直工作到深夜。‎ He's a worker______his wife is a doctor.他是一名工人而他妻子是一名医生。‎ ‎4．表示因果关系的： so(所以), for(因为)。如：‎ He got up late, ______ he didn't catch the early bus.他起床晚了，所以没赶上早班车。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎ 1.Hurry up, ____ you will miss the plane.‎ ‎　　A. and B. but C. so D. or ‎2.Tony is a quiet student, he is active in class.‎ ‎　　A. so B. and C. but D. or ‎3. The rain is very heavy________ we have to stay at home.‎ ‎　　A. but B. because C. so ‎4. Hurry up, _________ you will be late for class.‎ ‎　　A. and B. or C. but D. so ‎5.You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking,________ you’ll get better soon.‎ ‎　　A. but B. after C. or D. and 考点过关 Ⅰ.按要求写句子 ‎1．Her sister is very shy, ______ __？‎ ‎ 2．Peter stayed up last night, _____ ___？[来源:Zxxk.Com]‎ ‎3．Alice has never been to the village, ________？‎ ‎4．My brother can't swim, ________？‎ ‎5．Don't arrive late for class, _____ ___？‎ Ⅱ.同义句转换 ‎1．What a tall boy he is! [来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ ‎ ________ ________ the boy is!‎ ‎2．How delicious the food is!‎ ‎ ________ delicious food it is!‎ ‎3．If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. ‎ ‎ Hurry up, ________ you'll be late.‎ III.单选题 ‎1.Look! _____the kites in the sky are!‎ A. What a beautiful B.What beautiful C.How a beautiful D.How beautiful ‎2.--These students didn’t pass the exam. --They felt unhappy, ____?‎ A.didn’t they B did they C.don’t they D.do they ‎3.Be sure to go there on time , ____?‎ A.mustn’t you B.aren’t you C.don’t you D.will you ‎4.______ weather it is!Let’s go out for a picnic.‎ A.What good B.What bad C.How good D.How bad ‎5.Don’t forget to put the book back on the shelf,____?‎ A.do you B.don’t you C.will you D.won’t you 参考答案 考点一 ‎ ‎1.He never plays computer games. 2.I don’t think it is a good idea.‎ always gives me a hand 4. That man must be your teacher.‎ 考点二 1-5DAAAA 考点三 1.can he 2.does he 3.will you 4.is there 5.shall we ‎ ‎ 6.didn’t she 考点四 1. What a brave boy Jim is! 2. How delicious the fish tastes! 3. How naughty the boy is! 4. What a quick runner he is! 5. How interesting are the stories!‎ 考点五 1. Don’t listen 2.keep quiet 3. May you good luck. 4. Let me have a look. 5. Let’s protect environment 考点六1-5 DCDBB 考点七 1-5DCCBD 考点过关 I .1.isn’t she 2.didn’t 3.has he 4.can he 5.will you ‎ II.1. How tall 2. What delicious 3.or ‎ III.1-5DADBC