高考英语论题分类高考冲刺 7页

议论文的论题大体可分为五类，这可以通过分析他们试图回答的问题来确定。一般说来论题类型与文章的结构和所需要的证据密切相关。因此，了解论题的基本类型及其与结构和论据的关系，将有利于你从宏观上驾驭议论文的写作。(1)事实论题（claimsoffact）事实论题意在回答如下问题：Didithappen?Isittrue?Doesitexit?Isitafact?例如：Theozonelayerisbecomingdepleted?Theincreasingpopulationthreatenstheenvironment.Menhavemoreopportunitiesthanwomeninoursociety.此类，论题的论证主要依靠事实性论据，包括事实、数据、例子、援引权威观点。归纳推理是论证这类问题的一个基本思路，既从对几个基本论证的讨论得出结论。例如：Besidesphysicalhazardandanxieties,competitivesportsposepsychologicaldangersforchildren,MartinRablovsky,aformersportseditorfortheNewYorkTimes,saidinallhisyearsofwatchingyoungchildrenplayorganizedsports.Henoticedveryfewofthemsmiling.“I’veseenchildrenenjoyingaspontaneousprepraticescrimmagebecomesomberandseriouswhenthecoach’swhistleblows,”Rablovskysaid.”Thespiritsoftheplaydisappears,andsportsbecomejoblike.”Theprimarygoalofaprofessionalathlete–winning-isnotappropriateforchildren.Theirgoalsshouldbe\nhavingfun,learning,beingwithfriends.Althoughwinningdoesaddtothefun,toomanyadultslosesightofwhatmattersandmakewinningthemostimportantgoal.Severalstudentshaveshownthatwhenchildrenareaskedwhethertheywouldratherbewarmingthebenchonawinningteamorplayingregularlyonalosingteam,about90percentchoosethelater.在这一段里，作者运用了权威人士的发言和调查数据来如下事实论题，Besidesphysicalhazardsandanxieties,competitivesportsposepsychologicaldangersforchildren.(1)定义论题（claimsofdefination）定义论题旨在回答下列问题：Whatitis?Whatdoesitmean?Whatisitlike?Howshoulditbeclassified?Howshoulditbeinterpreted?Howdoesitsusualmeaningchangeinaparticularcontext?例如：Ahappypersonisnotapersonofasetofcertaincircumstance,butratherapersonwithcertainsetofattitudes.Successconsistsoffoursimplethings-tolivealot,tolovealot,tolaughalot,fromitall,tolearnalot.Theprimarypurposeofaliberaleducationistomakeone’smindapleasantplaceinwhichtospendone’stime.定义论题的论证往往建立在权威观点、可靠资料、类比及例证之上。例如：Loveissomethinglikethecloudsthatwereintheskybeforethesuncameout.Youcannottouchtheclouds,youknow;butyoufeeltherainand\nknowhowgladtheflowersandthethirstyeartharetohaveitafterahotday.Youcannottouchtheloveeither,butyoufeelthesweetnessitpoursintoeverything.Withoutloveyouwouldnotbehappyandwanttoplay.通过一个形象的类比，作者生动地揭示了love的含义。值得提醒的是，定义论题通常不会成为一片议论文的支配主题，而是出现在论证的开头或过程之中。对核心概念的定义往往是有效论证的基础。例如，要论证一部电影是否是黄色影片，作者有必要先给黄色影片下一个定义。否则，论证将无法展开。（3）因果论题（claimsofcause）因果论题旨在回答如下问题：Whatcauseit?Wherediditcomefrom?Whydidithappen?Whataretheeffects?Whatprobablywillbetheresultsbothonashort-termandalong-termbasis?例如：TheUnitedStateschampionshumanrightsinforeigncountriestofurtheritsowneconomicself-interests.Thelong-termeffectsofinadequatefundingforAIDSresearchwillbeadisastrousworldwideepidemic.Examinationsexertanegativeimpactoneducation.因果论题的常用论题是事实、数据、类比。演绎法和归纳法都可以为因果论题提供有效地论证。因果关系的论证可以是先描述原因，后分析结果；或反过来，先描述结果，后讨论原因。例如：Manyoftoday’syoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimensiontotheiractions.Therearealotofreasonswhythat’strue,butnonemorethanafailedsystemofeducationeschewteachingthetraditional\nvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called“decision-making,”wasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced“charactereducation”.Charactereducationdidn’taskchildrentoreinventthemoralwheel;instead,itencouragethemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceandself-control.在这一段因果论证里，作者首先在主题句里提出了结果，然后以事实为证据追究其原因。（4）价值论题（claimsofvalue）价值论题回答如下问题：Isitgoodorbad?Howbad?Howgood?Ofwhatworthitis?Isitmoralorimmoral?Whothinksso?Whatdothesepeoplevalue?WhatvaluesorcriteriashouldIusetodetermineitsgoodnessorbadness?Aremyvaluesdifferentfromotherpeople’svaluesorfromtheauthor’svalues?例如：Computersareavaluableadditiontomodernsociety.Viewingtelevisionisawastefulactivity.Thestudyofhistoryisawasteoftime,对于价值论题，除了可以运用一般的事实性论据以外，作者还可以借助于“价值论据”也就是建立一个评价标准，并与读者形成共识，然后将这一标准运用到所探讨的具体问题上。例如：\nAdishwasherisnotveryuseful.Onewaytojudgewhetherahouseholdapplianceishelpfulistoseewhetheritsavestime.However,adishwasheractually“take”time.Forexample,becauseadishwashertakesalotofwatertorun,mostpeopleliketomakesureitiscompletelyfullbeforetheyrunit.Asaresult,whenthereareafewdishestobewashed,thedishesarenotcleanedimmediately.Whilethesedishessitinthedishwater,theleftoverfooddries,andthisdried-onfoodtakesmoretimetocleanofthedishes.Ontheotherhand,whentherearemanydishestowash,notallofthedishescanfitinthesametime.Consequently,somedishesmustbeleftunwasheduntilthefirstsetofdishesiscleaned.Waitingforthosedishestakestime.So,howcanpeoplesaythatdishwashersavetime?在上述论述里，作者首先确定一个评判标准：Onewaytojudgewhetherahouseholdapplianceishelpfulistoseewhetheritsavestime.然后将这一标准运用到dishwasher上，并通过实例论证了主题句中提出得了论点。(5)对策论题（claimsofpolicy）对策论题回答如下问题：Whatshouldwedo?Howshouldweact?Whatshouldfuturepolicebe?Howcanwesolvethisproblem?Whatconcretecourseofactionshouldwepursuetosolvetheproblem?值得注意的是，其他几类论题主要设计过去和现在，而对策论题更多关注的是将来。例如：Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsideofthestudent’sfieldofstudy.\nStudentsshouldbringacertainskepticismtowhatevertheystudy.Thepurposeofeducationshouldbetoprovidestudentswithavaluesystem,astandard,andasetofideas-nottopreparethemforaspecificjob.对于对策论题，作者可以运用多方面的论据。由于对策论题的目的是要说服读者采取某种行动，因此作者在运用事实性论据的基础上应该注意针对读者的需求和情感来调动他们行动的积极性。例如：Themainreasonwhyprofessorsgivefrequentexamsisthatwhentheydo,andwhentheyprovidefeedbacktostudentsonhowwelltheyaredoing,studentslearnmoreinthecourseandperformbetteronmajorexams,projects,andpapers.Itmakessensethatinachallengingcoursecontainingagreatdealofmaterial,studentswilllearnmoreofitandputittobetteruseiftheyhavetoapplyor“pratice”itfrequentlyonexams,whichalsohelpthemfindouthowmuchtheyarelearningandwhattheyneedtogooveragain.ArecentHarvardstudynotesstudents’“strongpreferenceforfrequentevaluationinacourse.”Harvardstudentsfeeltheylearnleastinacoursethathave“onlyamidtermandafinalexam,withnootherpersonalexam,withnootherpersonalevaluation.”Theybelievetheylearnmostincourseswith”manyopportunitiestoseehowtheyaredoing.”Inareviewofanumberofstudiesofstudentlearning,Frederiksenreportsthatstudentswhotakeweeklyquizzesachievehigherscoresonfinalexamsthanstudentswhotakeonlyamidtermexamandthattestingincreasesretentionofmaterialtested.在这段论述里，作者的主张是：Professorsshouldgivefrequentexams.为了支持这一政策论题，作者引用了调查数据；更重要的是作者提出了一个能满足读者需求的理由：Studentslearnmoreinthecourseandperformbetteronmajorexams,projects,andpapers.\n