高考专项复习-高考阅读理解策略 37页

2007高考阅读理解应试策略形成性训练学习任务&目标1.了解高考阅读理解主要考查的能力,基本题型及比重2.初步掌握针对各种考查的题型的答题策略3.在强化训练的实践中进一步体会,形成有效的答题策略Senior3,Class4/7WuXia\n阅读理解中主要考查的能力高考阅读理解题主要考查考生在单位时间内快速阅读英语短文，了解短文的主题思想，抓住短文中所包含的信息（事实、细节等），并通过短文提供的材料进行分析、推理、判断，把握上下文事实、细节之间的时空顺序、逻辑联系及作者的意图、态度、观念和文章寓意的能力。\n2005/2006福建省高考阅读理解词汇量年份短文词数选项词数合计时间分配20051268947221535’20061368749211735’\n近三年全国各地高考英语阅读理解题材的分布题材分类比例题材分类比例教育与人才14.8%健康饮食购物8.6%情感与心理12.9%娱乐与休闲7.1%自然与环境11.9%文化与语言6.2%个人经历10.5%政治与经济3.8%旅游与交通10.5%历史与地理2.4%科学与技术10%文学与艺术1.4%\n表1：2005年福建省高考英语阅读理解考查情况篇次内容涉及领域体裁A美国作家保罗·金代尔的文学成就社会文化记叙文B网吧经营社会生活新闻报道C热带雨林对气候的变化做出反应自然科学议论文D度假旅游广告休闲旅游广告E新闻摘要政治经济新闻报道\n表2：2006年福建省高考英语阅读理解考查情况篇次内容涉及领域体裁A一位老外在日本当英语老师个人经历记叙文B鸟类为迁徙飞行储存脂肪自然科学说明文C几则广告信息社会生活广告D介绍两种教学形式教育文化说明文E洪水预警系统人类与自然说明文\n近三年高考英语阅读理解主要题型所占比例分析200637.6%42.9%11.6%7.9%200538.1%42.8%11.3%7.8%200440.6%43.4%10.9%5.1%题型年份事实细节题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题\n福建省高考英语阅读理解的考查题型分布情况年份事实细节题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题200520066(30%)7(35%)4(20%)3(15%)11(55%)5(25%)2(10%)2(10%)\n一、事实细节题表层细节题深层细节题：在原文中可直接找到答案。选项和原文在表述上没有变化。：在原文中可以找到有关的信息，但需将选项信息与原文句子进行语义上的转换（即：使用不同的词汇表达相同的意思）或是需要对几个细节信息进行简单计算、排序等加工处理。\n1．事实细节题(表层细节题)标志：①题目明确考查时间、地点、人物等细节信息；②专门针对文章中的一句或几句发问例1．(2005福建卷A)Clearly,hewasawriterwhoknewhowtointerestcontemporarychildren.Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationhonoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievements,andhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.58．WhendidPaulZindelwintheALANPrize?A．In2002.          B．In2003.C．Between1967and1992.D．Between2002and2003.A．In2002.in2002laterthatsameyearin2002laterthatsameyear\n例2（2006福建卷B）Forbirds,obviously,thecostofflyingwithheavyfatismuchsmallerthanweusedtothink.Researchersfoundthatredknotwadingbirdsdoubletheirnormalbodyweightof100gramsbeforemakingtheirtwice-a-yearnonstopflightbetweentheBritishIslesandtheRussianArctic.Distance:5,000kilometers.60.Aredknotwadingbirdof100gramswillprobablyweigh____beforemakingitsnonstopmigratingflight.A.50gramsB.100gramsC.150grams     D.200grams1．事实细节题(深层细节题)D.200gramsdoubletheirnormalbodyweightof100grams\n事实细节题的策略方法做细节题时要将精力放在寻找所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自上而下，从左到右呈Z字形扫视，直到找到所需要的细节。待找到含相关细节的句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，去粗取精，去伪存真，经过合理的加工处理，选出正确选项。\n1.正确选项与原文使用了不同的表达方式,但意思完全相同2.干扰项部分内容正确但部分内容错误3.干扰项内容符合常识,但与题目问的内容牛头不对马嘴4.干扰项与原文使用的词汇极为相似,但表达的意思相去甚远5.干扰项与原文的内容极为相似,但在程度上发生改变事实细节题的注意事项\n推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，通过合理的判断、推理、归纳总结，从而挖掘出文章隐含的深层意义，判断作者的态度倾向、写作意图等——即通过已知信息推知未知信息。据统计，这类题型是阅读测试中的难点，占的比例较大，同学们常常在这类测试题中失分。二、推理判断题\n2.推理判断题例1.（2007福建省质检B）Thefollowingishowto“playdetective":Formtwoteamsofatleastsixpeopleeach.Haveallplayersmakeafingerprintcard.Oneatatime,inkeachfingertiponthestamppad.Rollthefingerfromonesidetotheothertohavethefingerprintleftonthecard.Trytousejustrightpressuretogetaclearprint.…Collecttheguesses.Thenhaveeachteam’s“guiltyperson”tellthetruth.Howmanymembersoneachteamhavecorrectlyidentifiedthe“guiltyperson”?Thatteamwins!61.Thepassageismostprobably______.A.atruedetectivestoryB.theinstructionsforagameC.aspeechonfingerprintsD.awrittenreportonfingerprintsB.theinstructionsforagameThefollowingishowto“playdetective":Thatteamwins!\n例2（2006福建卷B）Asskiesarefilledwithmillionsofmigrating(迁徙)birds,Europeanscientistssaytheseasonalwonderappearstobestrange:…Flyingingroups,theirheartrateswere14.5percentlowerthanflyingalone,accordingtoHenri,aFrenchscientist.Thefindingshelpexplainhowbirdscompletedifficultmigrations.Researchershadthoughtthatthinner,strongerbirdswouldhavethebestchancetosurvive.Thefirststudysuggeststhatbuildingupfattobeburntasfuelduringthemigrationisworthmorethantheenergyittakestocarrytheadditionalweight.62.A________redknotwadingbirdhasabetterchancetosurviveduringitsmigratingflight.A.stronger    B.weaker        C.thinner         D.fatter2.推理判断题D.fatterThefatterthebird,thebetteritflies.Thefatterthebird,thebetteritflies.Researchershadthoughtthatthinner,Strongerbirdswouldhavethebestchancetosurvive.buildingupfattobeburntasfuelduringthemigrationisworthmorethantheenergyittakestocarrytheadditionalweight.\n推理判断题的策略方法对于考查写作意图的推理题，要注意透过故事、事例、议论挖掘隐含在其中的哲理或观点。1.根据题目线索，找到原文相关的句子（一句或若干句），对长句进行句子结构，然后结合语境充分理解后，作出推理判断。2.对于考查作者态度倾向的推理题，要注意寻找作者表达个人观点的总结性句子。4.对于题目中不含任何线索的推理题，采取排除法，对选项逐个排除，选择最有可能的选项。\nPracticemakesperfect（Ex1）…wecouldn’taffordallthenecessarymedicationforhim,andbecauseDadwasunabletowork,Ihadnomoneyforschoolsuppliesandoftencouldn’tevenbuyfoodfordinner.Iwouldsitinclassfeelingcompletelylost,theteacher’swordsmuffledasItriedtofigureouthowIwasgoingtomanage.1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheunderlinedsentence?A.Kerrelcouldn’tunderstandherteacherB.KerrelhadspecialdifficultyinhearingC.KerrelwastootroubledtofocusonthelessonD.Kerrelwastootiredtohearherteacher’swordsC.Kerrelwastootroubledtofocusonthelesson\n(Ex2)…Artisnowtogetherwithmypianoandreading.Thisisatimeforeverythinginmyworld,anditiswonderfultohavesometimedoingwhatIwanttodo.AsConfuciusoncesaid,“AtseventyIcanfollowmyheart’sdesire.”1.Howdoestheauthorprobablyfeelabouthislifeasanartist?A.VeryenjoyableB.AbitregretfulC.RatherbusyD.FairlydullPracticemakesperfectA.Veryenjoyable____________________________________________________________________itiswonderful________\n错误选项的特点:1.看似从原文推断出来的结论,实际上与原文不符2.在常识上是正确的,却不是文章表述的内容3.推理过头,引申过渡4.内容部分正确,部分错误5.推理不准确,过于片面或武断推理判断题的注意事项\n…AswecametothePontAlexandraIII,thetaxisloweddown,forthetrafficlightwasredagainstus,andthen,withoutstopping,wesailedthroughtheredinasuddenburstofspeed.AsIpaidthedriver,Iaskedhimwhyhehaddriventhroughtworedlights.…“It’sonlyanautomatic(自动的)stopsignal.Anditdoesnotmeanthatthereiscrosstraffic.Didyouseeanycrosstrafficduringourtrip?Ofcoursenot.Isloweddownatthelight,lookedcarefullytotherightandtotheleft.Notanothercaronthestreetatthishour.Well,then!Whatwouldyouhavemedo?ShouldIstoplikeastupidanimalbecauseanautomatic,brainlessmachineturnsredeveryfortyseconds?No,sir,”heshouted.“Iamaman,notamachine.Ihaveeyesandabrainandjudgment,givenmebyGod.Ashamedofmyself,yousay?IwouldonlybeashamedofmyselfifIletthoseblinkinglampsdomythinkingforme.Goodnight,sir.”Whatdidthedrivermeanbytheunderlinedsentence?A.Hedidn’twanttoobeythetrafficlawbecausehewasnotananimal.B.Hewasabletojudgethesituationandmadearightdecision.C.Themachinewasoutoforderandturnedredevery40seconds.D.Hewasnotamachineorananimal.B.Hewasabletojudgethesituationandmadearightdecision.\n主旨大意题要求考生能够把握文章的全文主题和理解中心思想，包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征等。三、主旨大意题\n3.主旨大意题例1(2005福建卷C)Formorethan30years,scientistshavebeenarguingabouthowrainforestsliketheAmazonmighthavereactedtothecold,dryclimatesoftheiceages,butuntilnow,noonehasreachedasatisfyinganswer.…Unfortunately,gettingintotheAmazonrainforestandcollectinginformationareverydifficult.Tostudypastclimate,scientistsneedtolookatfossilizedpollen(花粉化石)keptinlakemuds.Goingbacktothelasticeagemeansdrillingdeepdownintolakesediments(沉淀物),whichrequiresspecializedequipmentandheavymachinery.Thereareveryfewroadsandpaths,orplacestolandhelicoptersandaeroplanes.Riverstendtobetheeasiestwaytoentertheforest,butthisstillleavesvastareasbetweentheriverscompletelyunsampled(未取样).Sofar,onlyahandfulofcoreshavebeendrilledthatgobacktothelasticeageandnoneofthemprovideenoughinformationtoprovehowtheAmazonrainforestreactstoclimatechange.67．Thebesttitleforthispassagemayprobablybe.A．StudiesoftheAmazonB．ClimatesoftheAmazonC．SecretsoftheRainforestsD．ChangesoftheRainforestsC．SecretsoftheRainforests_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n主旨大意题的策略方法（1）把握文章脉络，找准主题句，观察作者总结性语句。文章结构1：作者开门见山提出主题，后分段加以论述,以事实进一步解释支持主题---主题句在文首文章结构2:作者先提出主题,论述后加以总结---主题句首尾呼应文章结构3:作者以具体事例开头,随后展开阐述,最后总结---主题句在文末文章结构4:作者举例开篇（或举例说明别人的错误观点），然后引出自己的观点，最后用事实依据来阐述这一观点---主题句在文中总之，要注意从整体上把握全文的结构，段与段之间的内在联系，从而分析出文章表达的主要内容和中心思想。\n例2（2006福建卷B）Asskiesarefilledwithmillionsofmigratingbirds,Europeanscientistssaytheseasonalwonderappearstobestrange:Thefatterthebird,thebetteritflies.Theresultsoftheirstudyledtoatheoryoppositetoacentraloneofaerodynamics,whichsaysthatthepowerneededtoflyincreaseswithweight.Forbirds,obviously,thecostofflyingwithheavyfatismuchsmallerthanweusedtothink.Researchersfoundthatredknotwadingbirdsdoubletheirnormalbodyweightof100gramsbeforemakingtheirtwice-a-yearnonstopflightbetweentheBritishIslesandtheRussianArctic.Distance:5,000kilometers.AnotherstudyinthemagazineNaturemeasuredtheadvantageofflyinginanaerodynamicgroupwhichallowsbirdstosaveenergybyflyingsmoothlyandquietlyintheleadbird'sairstream.Flyingingroups,theirheartrateswere14.5percentlowerthanflyingalone,accordingtoHenri,aFrenchscientist.Thefindingshelpexplainhowbirdscompletedifficultmigrations.Researchershadthoughtthatthinner,strongerbirdswouldhavethebestchancetosurvive.Thefirststudysuggeststhatbuildingupfattobeburntasfuelduringthemigrationisworthmorethantheenergyittakestocarrytheadditionalweight.Inthestudy,researcherssaidtheirteamstudiedthebirdsflownatdifferentbodyweightsduring28simulated(模拟的)flights.Theyforcedasmallamountofspecialwaterintothebirds'bodiessothattheycouldmeasuretheamountofenergyburntduringtheflight.63.Thebesttitleforthispassagemayprobablybe________.A. BirdsThinDownForJourneyB.  BirdsFattenUpForJourneyC. HowBirdsBuildUpFatForJourneyD. HowBirdsBurnEnergyForJourneyB.  BirdsFattenUpForJourney__________________________________\n这篇文章开门见山地提出了主题：科学家们发现鸟类季节性迁徙中的一个怪现象：越肥的鸟越善于飞行。2、3两段对这一结论进行了进一步说明——人们原以为的“重量越大飞行时所需要的动力就越大”在鸟类迁徙飞行中是不正确的，实际上鸟儿要增加一倍的体重来为飞行做好准备。4、5两段接着论述了科学家的又一发现——鸟类成群结队飞行有助于它们减少消耗。第6段再次重申：研究表明鸟类增加的体重抵得过它们携带这些额外重量所消耗的能量。最后一段提到了为研究进行的实验的一些情况。选项A“thindown”完全谬误；选项C错在how上，文章只论述了结论，没有具体讨论鸟儿是怎样去“增肥”的；D选项偏离了主题，burnenergy不是文章的关键词。\nAtruefriendshipcarriesalonghistoryofexperiencethatdetermineswhoweareandkeepsusconnected.Itisatreasureweshouldprotect.Unfortunately,thebetterfriendsyouare,themoreprobablyyou’llhavedisagreements.Andtheresultcanbewhatyoudon’twant——anendtotherelationship.Thegoodnewsisthatmosttroubledfriendshipscanbemended.First,don’t’letyourpridegetinyourway.Mostofuscanforgiveeachotherwhendifferencesarebroughtoutintheopen.Second,apologizewhenyou’rewrong——evenifyou’vebeenwronged.Overthecourseofafriendship,eventhebestpeoplemakemistakes.Sometimes,itmaybebestifthewrongedpersontakestheleadandapologizes.Whenyouapologize,giveyourfriendachancetoadmitthathehasbeenwrong.Third,seethingsfromyourfriend’spointofview.Andfinally,acceptthatfriendshipschangeasourneedsandlifestylechange.…53.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.EasyWaystoMakeFriendsB.UpsandDownsinFriendshipC.HowtoMendaTroubledFriendshipD.HowtoTaketheLeadinMakingFriendsPracticemakesperfectC.HowtoMendaTroubledFriendshipThegoodnewsisthatmosttroubledfriendshipscanbemended.\n不是所有的文章都有主题句，对于无明显主题句的文章，读完文章后我们要回味一下文章的大致内容，提炼出文章的几个关键词，通常正确选项中要包含有这几个关键词。主旨大意题的策略方法（2）\nIfparentsbringupachildwiththeaimofturningthechildintoagenius(天才),theywillcausegreatdamagetohim.Generally,thechildwillunderstandverywellwhattheparentsexpect,andwillfollow.Unrealistic(不现实的)expectationsoftheparentscancausegreatdamagetochildren.However,ifparentsarenotunrealisticaboutwhattheyexpecttheirchildrentodo,butarehopefulinasensibleway,thechildmaysucceedindoingverywell--especiallyiftheparentsareverysupportivetotheirchildren.MichaelLiisverylucky.Heisveryfondofmusicandhisparentshelphimalotbytakinghimtoconcertsandlethimattendpianoandviolinlessons.…Michael’sfriend,WinstonChen,however,isnotsolucky.Althoughbothhisparentsaresuccessfulmusicians,theysettoohighastandardforWinston.…1.Themainideaofthepassageis_____.A.whatdifferencestherearebetweenparentsB.whataimofachildcanbeeasiertoreachC.howparentscouldmakeachildamusicianD.howparentsshouldbringuptheirchildrenPracticemakesperfectD.howparentsshouldbringuptheirchildren\n阅读中难免有生词，而利用文章所提供的语境去推测生词的意义是阅读的必备技能之一。词义猜测题也是高考必考的题型，一般占阅读理解总题量的10%左右。四、词汇猜测题\n1.上下文同义词/反义词释义法2.后文同位语、定语从句释义法3.破折号释义法4.根据上下文情景推断法5.根据构词法猜测四、词汇猜测题的策略方法\nItwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle---thatis,itwillbreakeasily.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.Thecomputerwouldflashanambiguouspicture,whichcouldbeseenastheletter”B”orthenumber“13”.Practicemakesperfect易碎的(同义词释义)准时的(反义词释义)模棱两可的(定语从句释义)\n（2005福建卷C）RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonnesofCO2eachyear，equaltothetotalamountofCO2givingoffintheUKeachyear.64．Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans.A．cleaningupB．takinginC．wipingoutD．givingoutPracticemakesperfectB．takingin同义词释义takein\nAsthesonofaseniorofficialintheKMT(Kuomingtang),LienChanwasborntobeagoodleader.Duringhischildhood,hewasquitenaughtyandseldomsatstill.Butheoftenactedasleaderamonghisfriends.“Hewashappytohelpandlead.Whenanyquarrelbrokeoutamongthekids,hewouldcomeforwardtomediate,”saidoneofhischildhoodfriendsinXi’an.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mediate”mean?A．Tostandinthemiddle.B．Tohelponeside.C．Tostopthequarrel.D．Tobealooker-on.Practicemakesperfect根据上下文情景推断C．Tostopthequarrel.heoftenactedasleaderamonghisfriends.“Hewashappytohelpandlead.\n1.拓展词汇量，熟背词组和固定搭配2.运用阅读策略进行多种题材的阅读限时训练3.在阅读训练过程中学习分析语篇结构,行文特点,提高捕捉有效信息和综合利用信息的能力SumUp\nPracticemakesperfect“金考卷”西安卷BBADBC\nThankyouforyourattention!Senior3,Class4/7WuXia