高考一轮复习 高考语法 7页

高考一轮复习资料——语法篇第一讲：名词一、名词的分类名词专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词集体名词不可数名词物质名词抽象名词1.专有名词表示人物、地方、国家、组织、机构等专有名称的词。如：Tom,China,Christmas,theGreatWall特性：①原则上与其所表示的事物一一对应。②实词的首字母要大写。2.普通名词泛指一类人或事物的名称的词。如：actor,dictionary,money,weather分类：可数名词 如：dictionary,island不可数名词 如：fun,money,furniture    可数名词分类：个体名词和集体名词个体名词：表示单个的人或事物的名称的词。如：garden,actor,hammer集体名词：表示由若干人或事物组成的集合体的名称的词。如：family,class,staff,team不可数名词分类：物质名词和抽像名词物质名词：表示构成世上万物的物质或材料名称的词。如：cotton,water,ink,wood抽像名词：表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽像概念名称的词。如：freedom,fun,health,happiness,anger,value二.名词的数1.规则名词复数的构成。(1)一般情况下直接加-s。在清辅音后读/s/，在元音和浊辅音后读/z/。如：cooks,canals,monkeys(2)以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词，直接加-es,读/?z/。如：buses,brushes,coaches\n(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，y变成i，再加es。如：story-stories,county-counties注意：以元音字母+y结尾的词，直接加s，如：boy-boys,rays,bays(4)以o结尾的名词。①一般直接加s读/z/。       如：radio-radios,photo-photos,kilo-kilos,zoo-zoos, piano-pianos,bamboo-bamboos,studio-studios②少数加es,读/z/。如：hero-heroes,tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,negro-negroes③两种情况均可。如：zero-zeros/zeroes,motto-mottos/mottoes,volcano-volcanos/volcanoes(5)以f/fe结尾的词①一般将f/fe变为v,再加es,读/vz/。如：wife,knife,wolf,thief,shelf,self,life,half,leaf,loaf妻子(wife)持刀去宰狼(wolf)，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌；躲在架(shelf)后保己（self)命(life)，半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。   ②有些直接加s，读/s/。如：roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,safe-safes,chief-chiefs,belief-beliefs③个别有两种形式。如：handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves2.不规则名词复数的构成。(1)变内部元音。如：man-men,goose-geese,tooth-teeth(2)单复数同形。如：fish,sheep,deer,Chinese,swine, jin(斤),yuan(元),means(3)无规则变化。如：child-children,       mouse-mice,       medium-media,bacterium-bacteria,ox-oxen,             phenomenon-phenomena3.复合名词复数的构成(1)有中心词（主要名词）时，通常将中心词变为复数。如：story-teller →story-tellers,   mother-in-law→mothers-in-law,passer-by→passers-by,        looker-on→lookers-on(2)没有(主要)名词时，在词尾加s。如：grown-up→grown-ups,go-between→go-betweens(3)由man/woman加其他名词构成的复合名词变复数时前后都变。如：mandriver-mendrivers,womanwriter-womenwriters注意：：boy/girlstudent-boy/girlstudents,German-Germans(4)字母、符号、数字等复数的构成通常在其后加’s。如：Therearetwot’sinteeth.在teeth这个单词里有两个t。         Therearethree8’sinthisnumber.在这个数字里有3个8。\n4.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。如：Chinese---Chinese      Japanese--Japanese          Swiss---SwissEnglishman---Englishmen Frenchman---FrenchmenAmerican---Americans     Australian---Australians        Canadian---CanadiansKorean---Koreans            Russian---Russians                     Indian---Indians三、名词所有格名词所有格表示所有关系。如：Tom’scat，Mary’sperfume分类：      ’s所有格,of所有格和双重所有格1.’s所有格(1)’s所有格的构成通常在名词后加’s，如果词尾已有s，则直接加’。如：thegirl’sdolls，Tom’spiano，thestudents’books     注意：Charles’bag/Charles’sbag(2)’s所有格的运用①多用于表示有生命的人或动物的名词。        如：Jim’sbike,Mary’sskirt②也可用于表示时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等无生命的名词。        如：thecity’shistory, threedays’time,thebook’sauthor,today’snewspaper,anhour’sdrive比较：         MaryandJean’sroom两人共有的房间         Mary’sandJean’srooms两人各自的房间(3)’s所有格后名词的省略①前面出现的名词，可以省略。如：ThisMP5isMary’s(MP5).②其后的名词表示某人的家、办公场所时可以省略。如：HestayedatJohn’slastnight.            Theboywenttothebarber’s.2.of所有格(1)of所有格的运用①主要用于无生命的名词。如：thelegofthetable，thetopofthemountain②也可用于表示人或动物的名词。如：theprideofherfamily，thedaughterofapoliceman(3).’s所有格和of所有格的比较①两者很多情况下可以通用。如：thefilm’send=theendofthefilm,theyoungpeople’seducation=theeducationoftheyoungpeople②表示类别属性时通常用’s。如：women’sclothes,children’sbooks\n③名词以“the+形容词/分词”的形式出现时，通常用of所有格。如：theproblemoftheyoung, thechildrenofthekilled3.双重所有格双重所有格是’s所有格和of所有格的结合，通常表示“许多中的一个或一部分”。如：afriendofMary’s, somebooksofourteacher’s四.不可数名词的量化表达不可数名词没有单复数的形式变化，表示不可数名词的量常用以下三种方法：(1)用some,much,alittle,little,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等来表示。如：muchwater；alotofmoney； alittlemilk；plentyofrice；someorangejuice(2).用容器来表示。如：acupofcoffee；twopotsofwater；tenbagsofrice；sixboxesofink(3)用计量单位来表示。如：aloaf/sliceofbread;agrainofrice;apieceoffurniture;alargesumofmoney五.名词的语法功能1.作主语如：Agoodteachermustbepatient.2.作宾语如：IlikeEnglish.        Sheboughtanumbrella.3.作表语如：Hisuncleisanengineer.4.作定语如：It’sashoefactory.5.作宾补如：Theyallcallhimaplayboy.6.作状语如：Themeetinglastedtwohours.        I’vetoldyoumanytimes.7.名词作定语的注意事项：(1)名词作定语时通常用单数如：shoefactory,telephonenumber(2)“数词-名词”结构作定语时，名词也要用单数。如：Hehadaneight-hoursleep(=Hehadeighthours’sleep)           anine-year-oldgirl(Thegirlisnineyearsold.)(3)少数名词习惯上用复数。如：sportscar,parentsmeeting                \n基础巩固练习1.Thereareonlythree__________inthefactory.A.manengineerB.menengineersC.menengineerD.manengineers2.Four____________andfive____________visitedourschoolyesterday.A.Frenchmen;GermanB.Frenchmans;GermenC.Frenchmen;GermenD.Frenchmen;Germans3.Tom’s_____________aresurely___________.A.brothers-in-law;growns-upB.brother-in-laws;grown-upsC.brothers-in-laws;grown-upD.brothers-in-law;grown-ups4.The___________ofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof___________.A．roofs;leavesB．rooves;leafsC．roof;leafD．roofs;leafs5.Thatwasafifty____________engine.A．horsepowerB．horsespowerC．horsepowersD．horsespowers6.Ican’tgivemeany___________,butIcangiveyousome____________.A．advice;informationsB.advice;informationC．advices;informationD.advices;informations7.Ihadacupof___________andtwoslicesof__________thismorning.A．teas;breadB.teas;breadsC.tea;breadsD.tea;bread8.Asisknowntousall,___________travelsmuchfasterthan__________.A．lights;soundsB.light;soundC.sound;lightD.sounds;lights9.Shetoldhimofallhersecret___________and___________.A．hope;fearB．hopes;fearC.hopes;fearsD.hope;fears10.Therising_____________didalotof____________tothecrops.A.water;harmB.water;harmsC.waters;harmD.waters;harms11.--Howfarawayisitfromheretoyourschool?---It’sabout____________.A.halfanhour’sdriveB.halfhoursdrivesC.halfanhourdrivesD.halfanhourdrive12.MissJohnsonisafriendof____________A.Mary’smotherB.Mary’smothers’C.Marymother’sD.Mary’smother’s13.Iwenttothe____________beforeIcalledatmy__________yesterday.A.barber;auntB.barber’s;aunt’sC.barber’s;auntD.barbers;aunts14.Thebeachisa__________throwfromourhouse.A.stoneB.stonesC.stones’D.stone’s15.Itwon’tmakemuch____________whetheryouagreeornot.A.difficultyB.troubleC.differenceD.matter16.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe____________ofhowlifebegan.A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzle17.Youmustgettherewithinanhour.Thereshouldbeno____________insendingthisinformationtohim.A.questionB.problemC.quarrelD.delay\n18.Ican’tgiveyouthecardwithoutSmith’s___________.A.agreementB.allowingC.permissionD.performance19.Whatimpressedmemostwasthattheyneverlost__________.A.heartsB.heartC.theirheartD.theirhearts20.ThoughIspoketohimmanytimes,henevertookany__________ofwhatIsaid.A.remarkB.observation　C.attentionD.notice高考模拟强化练习1.Despitesuchabigdifferencein___________towardswhatoneeats,thereisnodoubtthatpeopleinthewestregardtheChinesefoodassomethingspecial.A.pointB.ideaC.attitudeD.sight2.Asweallknow,thegovernmentisnowmakingevery__________tosetupaharmonioussociety.A.effortB.effectC.measureD.performance3.Inthe__________ofproof.thepolicecouldnottakeactionagainsttheman.A.lackB.shortageC.absenceD.failure4.Pleasereadthe__________onthebottleandtaketherightamountofmedicine.A.explanationsB.descriptionsC.instructionsD.introductions5.SofarIhaven’tadaptedtothefast__________ofthemodernlifeinTokyo.A.stepB.styleC.paceD.manner6.Thebrokenglasswas__________thataburglarytookplace.A.evidenceB.sureC.signalD.announced7.Forsustainabledevelopment,thegovernmenthasdecidedtogive__________tothoseenergy-conservingandenvironment-friendlybusinessesinmanyaspects.A.profitB.interestC.preferenceD.advantage8.Thenewschoolbuildingofferseasy__________towheelchairusers.A.solutionB.methodC.accessD.way9.My__________oftomorrow’sactivityisgoingoutforapicnicwithmyclassmates.A.opinionB.thoughtC.mindD.idea10.Thereisno__________tobegainedfromendlesslydiscussingwhosefaultitwas.A.useB.consequenceC.profitD.effect\n基础巩固练习1.-5.BDDAA6-9.BDBC10.Cwaters用复数表示“水域；（某国附近的）海域11-13.ADB14.Dastone’sthrow为固定短语，字面意思为“扔一个石子的距离”，形容很近，常译为“近在咫尺；一箭之地”。15.Cmake(a)difference有影响。makemuch/little/nodifference有很大/几乎没有/没有影响16.Acauseof导致某事的原因，同reasonfor。本句意为“截止目前还没有人成功地解释生命起源的原因”。17-18.DC19.Bloseheart为固定短语，表示“失去信心；灰心”，loseone’sheart(tosb.)表示爱上某人，同fallinlovewith。20.D高考模拟强化练习1.Cattitude态度，表示对……的态度时常与to/towards搭配。本句意为“虽然在吃什么的态度上有很大差异，但无疑西方人将中餐视为某种特别的事物”。2.Aeffort努力。makeeveryefforttodo尽一切努力做某事。本句意为“众所周知，政府正在尽一切努力创建和谐社会”。3.Cabsence不在，缺席；缺乏，没有。intheabsenceof缺乏；没有4.Cinstructions说明；指示5.Cpace在本句中表示“节奏”，fastpaceofthemodernlife现代生活的快节奏。6.Aevidence证据；证明；证词。7.Cpreference意为“喜欢；喜爱；优待；优惠；优先权”，常与to/towards搭配。本句意为“为了可持续发展，政府已决定为那些节约能源、环保的企业在很多方面提供优惠待遇”。8.Caccess意为“（接近或进入某地的）方法，通道；（使用某物或接近某人的）机会或权力”，常与to搭配。9.Didea主意；想法。本句意为“对于明天的活动，我的想法就是和同班同学一起野餐”。10.C根据后面修饰此处动词的不定式tobegained可知，此处应为profit，gainprofit赢得利益。本句意为“无休止地争论是谁的错误没有益处”。