初中英语中考前必备知识总结 16页

基本语法表格1.人称代词和物主代词第一人称其次人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数〔现在时,动词复数+s/es〕人称主Iweyouyousheheittheythese代词格宾meusyouyouherhimitthemthose格物主代词的〕〔物主myouryouryourherhisitstheirthese性名mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirsthose词性反身代词自myselfourselvesyourselfyourselvehersehimselfitselfthemselvthemselv己slfeses2.可数名词的复数构成举例1在名词后面加sAmericans,Germans,apples,bananas2以s,x,sh,ch,结尾的，加esboxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,foxesbuses3以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加esbaby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,4以元音字母加y结尾的直接加sday-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,way-ways5以o结尾加s（外来词）；但如是辅音加o的加esradios,photoszoostomatoes,potatoesheroes6以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加esthief,wife,shelf,knife,loaf,leaf,wolf,half,7一般只有复数，没有单数的有clothes;p0lice,people,crew,staff,police;pants,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,socks,trouses;scissors;（由两部分组成的东西）8特殊形式的有child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep;man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen1/16\n10假如是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数，就前后两个词都要变为复数mandoctor--mendoctors,womanteacher--womenteachers11既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词class班，同学；family家，家庭成员；organization机构；army军队；audience观众；enemy敌人；navy海军；committee委员会；group,team.12单复数相同fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese13单复数意思不同fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸，卷子，论文work工作works作品，工厂glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜orange桔子水oranges橙子light光线lights灯cloth布clothes衣服people人peoples民族time时间times时代,次数chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡water水waters水域；公海wood木板；woods树林14常用的不行数名词water,milk,fruit,meat,food,paper,air,weather,rice,ice,furniture家具sheep羊肉,fish鱼肉（动物表示肉类）3.名词全部格（某人/物“的”东西）构成举例1单数：在后面加’sbrother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s2复数：以s结尾的直接在s后加’，Teachers’Da教y师节classmatesb’ooks同学们的书籍不以s结尾的，加’sChildren’sDa六y一节Women’sDay三八节动词+ed的构成方式构成举例1直接在词尾加edwork-worked;play-played;want-wanted;act-acted2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，直接加dlive-lived;move-moved;taste-tasted;hope-hoped,3以辅音字母+y结尾的，把y变为i再加edstudy-studied;copy-copied;cry-cried;carry-carried4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加edstopplanfitreferprefercanceltravelquarreldrop2/16\n4.动词+ing的构成方式构成举例2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，要去掉e再加ingmake-making,write-writing,skate-skating,close–closing,come-coming,take-taking，have-having,dance-dancing,live–living;hope-hoping3如结尾的e发音,就不能去掉see-seeing4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ingrun-running,swim-swimming,get-getting,sit–sitting,put–putting,begin–beginning,hit-hitting,stop-stopping,forget–forgetting5在少数几个以ie结尾的动词后：须将ie变作y，再加ing；die–dying;tie–tying,lie–lying躺/位于lie---lied---lied---lying撒谎lie---lay---lain---lying躺/位于lay---laid---laid---laying下蛋/放5.时态语态公式时态主动被动be+done（过去分词）1．一般现在时do/doesam/is/aredone2．一般过去时①did②usedtodowas/weredone3．一般将来时①will/shalldo②am/is/aregoingtodowill/shallbedone4．现在进行时am/is/aredoingam/is/arebeingdone5．过去进行时was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone6．将来进行时willbedoingwillbedone7．现在完成时have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone8．过去完成时haddonehadbeendone9．将来完成时willhavedonewillhavebeendone10．现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoinghave/hasbeendone11．过去将来时woulddowouldbedone6.主动/被动主动被动：be+done3/16\n〔be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been〕1．一般现在时IdomyhomeworkeverydayMyhomeworkisdone〔byme〕everyday.2．一般过去时Ididmyhomeworkyesterday.Myhomeworkwasdone〔byme〕yesterday.3．一般将来时Iwilldomyhomeworktomorow.Myhomeworkwillbedone〔byme〕tomorrow.4．现在进行时Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.Myhomeworkisbeingdonenow.5．过去进行时Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.Myhomeworkwasbeingdoneat3:00yesterdayafternoon6．将来进行时Iwillbedoingmyhomeworktomorrow.Myhomeworkwillbedonetomorrow.7．现在完成时Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.Myhomeworkhasalreadybeendone.8．过去完成时Ihaddonemyhomeworkbeforeyesterdayafternoon.Myhomeworkhadbeendonebeforeyesterdayafternoon9．将来完成时Iwillhavedonemyhomeworktomorrow.Myhomeworkwillhavebeendonetomorrow.10．现在完成进行时Ihavebeendoingahalfofmyhomework.Myhomeworkhasbeendoneahalf.11．过去将来时IsaidthatIwoulddomyhomeworknextweek.Isaidthatmyhomeworkwouldbedonenextweek.7.不规章动词巧记表AAA型过去式、过去分词与原形一样原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义cutcutcut切、割、剪shutshutshut关、闭（门窗）putputput放置hurthurthurt受伤；疼痛letletlet让costcostcost值钱；花费setsetset设置readreadread朗读；阅读hithithit撞击；打spreadspreadspread开放；铺开AAB型过去式与原形一样原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义beatbeatbeaten击败；打败4/16\n原形过去式过去分词ABA型过去分词与原形一样词义原形过去式过去分词词义runranrun跑步；逃跑comebecome原形camebecame过去式comebecome过去分词来变得；成为ABB型过去式与过去分词一样词义原形过去式过去分词词义buyboughtbought买leadledled领导；致使bringbroughtbrought带来misleadmisledmisled误导fightfoughtfought打架；打仗feedfedfed喂养；喂食thinkthoughtthought想；认为fleefledfled逃跑seeksoughtsought查找；探究meetmetmet遇见；遇到catchcaughtcaught抓住；接住shootshotshot射击；投篮teachtaughttaught教；教书lightlit/lightedlit/lighted点燃lendlentlent借出getgotgot获得；得到sendsentsent送；派遣winwonwon获胜；赢得spendspentspent花（时间、钱）sitsatsat坐下buildbuiltbuilt建设；建立digdugdug挖掘feelfeltfelt感觉；摸起来stickstuckstuck刺；戳leaveleftleft离开hanghunghung悬挂keepkeptkept保持；保留hanghangedhanged绞死sleepsleptslept睡觉sellsoldsold出售；卖oversleepoversleptoverslept睡过头telltoldtold告知sweepsweptswept打扫smellsmeltsmelt闻；嗅meanmeantmeant意思是spellspeltspelt拼写learnlearntlearned/learntlearned/学；学会holdheldheld拿着；举办5/16\nburnburnt/burnedburnt/燃烧；烧伤findfoundfound找到；发觉burnedhearheardheard听见standstoodstood站立have/hashadhad有understandunderstoodunderstood懂得makemademade制作paypaidpaid付款shineshone/shinedshone/照耀saysaidsaid说shinedloselostlost丢失；失去laylaidlaid下蛋layingdealdealtdealt处理lieliedlied撒谎lyinglielaylain躺/放lyingABC型原形、过去式、过去分词不一样原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义beginbeganbegun开头taketooktaken拿走drinkdrankdrunk喝；饮mistakemistookmistaken错拿ringrangrung铃响；打电shakeshook话shaken摇动；握（手）singsangsung唱歌eatateeaten吃sinksanksunk下沉fallfellfallen落下；摔倒swimswamswum游泳riserose（玫瑰）risen上升；上涨blowblewblown吹；刮风drivedrovedriven驾驶flyflewflown飞；放（风givegavegiven给筝）knowknewknown知道；懂得forgiveforgaveforgiven原谅growgrewgrown种植；生长seesawseen观看throwthrewthrown扔；投rideroderidden骑（车、马）drawdrewdrawn绘画hidehidhidden隐匿showshowedshown出示；给bitebitbitten咬看breakbrokebroken打破；不服forbidforbade/forforbidden禁止；不许从badspeakspokespoken说话writewrotewritten书写6/16\nstealstolestolen偷bear（熊）boreborn忍耐choosechosechosen选择tear（眼泪）toretorn撕破freezefrozefrozen冻结wearworeworn穿、戴wakewokewoke/醒来；唤醒am/iswasbeen是strikestruckwokenstruck/stric打击；撞击arewerebeen是kenforgetforgotforgotten遗忘do/doesdiddone做gowentgone去lielaylain躺；卧8.介词at;in;on的用法表时间构成举例①具体时间，“几点几分”用atShegoestobedateleveno’clock.②“在早上，在下午，在晚上”用in，且the不能省略；“在某年、某月”用in，不加冠词;“在中午，在夜里”用at，不加冠词inthemorning;intheafternoon;intheeveningin2000;inJuneatnoon;atnight③表示“在星期几”、“在星期几的上午、下午、晚上”“在某天”、“在某月某日”、用ononJune13;onMonday/Tuesday/SundayonMondaymorning/afternoon/evening/nigjt④在this,last,next,every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词Whatareyoudoingthisafternoon.IdoiteveryFriday.①在小地点用atatschool;athome;atrailwaystation;atthecorner表地点②在大地方用ininBeijing;inChina;inAmarica;inAsia③在上面用ononthedesk;onthetopofthemontain常用介词before〔时间〕在前；截至（到）infrontof〔地点〕在前面inthefrontof在前部after〔时间〕在之后behind〔地点〕在后面until（till）直到为止〔动词假如是点动词，就必需用否定句〕about在各处；到处；在邻近;关于;大约7/16\nby①直到单位为止；②以计，后跟度量awaybeyond离开；超出离多远范畴（或才能）③“靠手段”，“用方法”，“凭借动作”for①为；②表示一段时间；③用交around在四周，围绕换during在〔时间〕内into进入through①始终（从开头到终止）；②穿过along沿着from表示“是哪里人”，以及“时间或地点的起始to到（目的地）去，向点since自从以来across横穿in①过后（将来时间）；②在里面in“用语言”常与（地点）write,speak,talk,answer等连用within不超过的范畴bemadeof表示从成品仍可看出原料outside在外面bemadefro表示从成品已看不出原料mbetween在之间（指二者）with表示用什么工具，所用的东西都是具体的物among在之间（指三者以上）without=but没有foron在上面，表面相互接触like像一样above只表示“在上方或位置高出”，与as作为below相对below在下方，低于near在邻近，与far相对over“在正上方”，与under相对under在正下方against①紧靠、倚靠②反对（反义词是for）beneath在下方beside=by〔地点〕靠近，在旁边，比near距离exceptfor除之外（主要用来谈论不同类的东更近西）besides除之外仍有except除之外没有了（主要用来谈论同类的东西）8/16\n9.形容词的比较级和最高级构成举例1一般在形容词后加er/est假如是以e结尾就直接加r或stgreat-greater-greatest,short-shorter–shortest,tall-taller–tallest,long-longer–longest,nice-nicer-nicest,large-larger-largest2以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母结尾的，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加er/est（与动词+ed和+ing一样）big-bigger-biggestthin〔字母组合除外，如few-fewer-fewest〕red-redder-reddesthot-hotter-hottest3以辅音字母＋y结尾的，变y为i，再加er/est（与动词+ed；名词+es一样）happy-happier-happiest,sorry-sorrier-sorriest,friendly-friendlier-friendliest〔morefriendly-mostfriendly〕,busy-busier-busiest,easy-easier-easiest4多音节形容词（比较长的形容词），比较级在词前面+more;最高级在词前面+themostcomfortable-morecomfortable-themostcomfortabledifficult-moredifficult-themostdifficultexpensive-moreexpensivethemostexpensiveimportantbeautiful-morebeautiful-themostbeautifulwonderfulconvenient-moreconvenient-themostconvenient便利interesting1特殊情形：〔两好多坏，一少老远〕good/well–better–bestmany/much–more–mostbad/ill–worse–worstlittle–less–leastold–older/elder–oldest/eldestfar–farther/further–farthest/furthest10.不定冠词a〔an〕的用法构成举例1a用于发辅音开头的可数名词单数前agirl;auniversity;ausefulbook〔这里的u为元音字母,但发辅音〕2an用于发元音开头的词前anEnglishbook;anhour,anhonor,anhonestboy〔h不发音,从元音o算起〕11.定冠词the的用法9/16\n构成举例4用来表示世界上独一无二的事物thesun,themoon,thesky,theearth,theworld5用于表示阶级、党派的名词前theChineseCommunistParty;theworkingclass6用于江河、湖海，山脉，群岛等名词前theYellowRiver；theEastSea；theHimalayas；thePacificOcean7用于由一般名词构成的国名ThePeople'sRepublicofChina；theUnitedStates8用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前theUnitedNations；theStateCouncil；theTangdynasty；thePeople'sDaily；theSummerPalace；thePeaceHotel；theBritishMuseum9用于表示方位的名词前theeast;thesouthwest;themiddle;theFarEast;ontheleft10用于西洋乐器名词前，但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词playthepiano;playtheviolin;playerhu;playguzheng11用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情形下，这类名词作复数对待Whenwegotthere,theLiuswerewaitingforus.TheSmithswatchTVeveryday.12用于某些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类thepoor;therich;theliving;theyoung;thewounded;the人或事物beautiful12.不用冠词的情形2三餐饭的名词前breakfastlunchsupper3节假日等名词前onNationalDay;onChristmasDay;onTeachers’Day4球类和棋类运动的名词前playpingpang,playbasketball;playchess9季节、月份、星期等名词前1.Monday2.Tuesday3.Wednesday4.Thursday5.Friday6.Saturday7.Sunday1.January2.February3.March4.April5.May6.June7.July8.August9.September10.October11.November12.December20211..spring2.summer3.autumn4.winter12在某些固定词组里onfoot;bytrain/boat/plane/bus/bike;infact;asamatteroffact;inclassinchurch;indanger;inhospital;intown;inbed;athome;atschool10/16\natdaybreak;atsunrise;atdusk;atsunset;atnight;atnoon;gotoschool;gotoclass;gotobed;frommorningtillnight;;fromdoortodoor13.（一）基数词范畴特点实例1~12无规律one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve13~19以teen结尾thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety②hundred,thousand,million,billion〕具体的数字两无，无s无of,如：5hundredstudents500个同学；模糊的数字两有，有s有of.of；如：;hundredsofstudents成百上千的同学14.（二）序数词范畴特点实例其中七个例外：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,1~19各基数词尾加thtwelfth其余，如：four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth20~90把y变i后加ethtwentieth,fortieth,ninetieth21以后多位数最终一个数用序数词，其余用基数词21st—twenty-first,110th—onehundredandtenth①first,second,third通常可缩写为1st,2nd,3rd；凡是以th结尾的序数词可缩写为“基数词+th”：4th,5th,9th,11th,60th,128th等；说明②.hundred,thousand,million等序数词形式为hundredth,thousandth,millionth等；这类词前用数字“1”时，这个“1”只用one，不用a：onehundredth第100〔不说ahundredth〕tenthousandth〔10,000th〕第1000015.不定数量词“多”的表示法dozensof几十、许多scoresof许多修饰可数名词many,agood〔great〕many,manya（修饰单数可数名词）许多、大量hundredsof数以百计11/16\nthousandsof,thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万alarge〔great,big,small〕number〔majority〕of许多、大量much,agreat〔good〕dealof,alargeamountof,修饰不行数名词largeamountsof,alarge〔great,big〕sumof（sum特指钱）许多、大量二者都可alotof/lotsof,plentyof,a〔large〕quantityof,largequantitiesof许多、大量16.主谓一样分类构成与举例1．谓语动词单数①不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It’nsoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.Workingwithyouispleasant.=It’psleasantworkingwithyou.②大事、国名、书名、作品名称作主语时Chinaisabigcountry.③表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等的名词词组作主语表示总量时Twohoursisenoughforustofinishtheexperiment．⑦由every，each，no，manya，agreatdealof，morethanone.等+单数名词作主语时EverymanandwomanattendsthemeetingManyastudentandteacheriswatchingthefootballmatch⑧thenumberof+复数名词作主语时（如是anumberof，谓语动词就用复数）Asyoucansee,thenumberofcarsonourroadsisrisingthesedays.Asyoucansee,anumberofcarsonourroadsarerisingthesedays.⑨由each，either，neither或由some，any，no，every构成的合成代词作主语时NeitherofthemisinterestedinEnglish.Somebodyiswaitingforyou.⑩谓语动词只用单数的集合名词：mankind人类;furniture家具;foliage植物;clothing衣服;machinery机械;merchandise货物Thenthefurniturewasmovedin.Ourclothingprotectsusfromcold.2．谓语动词①由and或both...and...连接两个不同的概念作主语时（如连接同一概念，就单数）12/16\n复数ApoetandanartistarecomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpainting.ApoetandartistiscomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpainting.②clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses等由两部分组成的名词作主语时④anumberof+复数名词作主语时Nowadays,alargenumberofwomen,especiallythosefromthecountryside,workintheclothingindustry.⑤谓语动词只用复数的集合名词：police警察;militia民兵;people人们;vermin害虫;cattle牲畜;poultry家禽Thepolicearequestioningeveryoneinthehouse.⑥“the+形容词／-ed分词”表示一类人,作主语时Theinjuredhavebeentakentohospital3．谓语动词与前面一样①由aswellas,with,togetherwith,alongwith,ratherthan,including,except,but,besides等连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词的数由前面的名词或代词的单复数来准备Thefatheraswellashisthreechildrengoesskatingonthefrozenriver.②“therebe+并列名词”和“herebe+并列名词”中的谓语动词的数，由第一个名词的单复数来准备Thereisanapple,twobananasandsomeorangesontheplates4．谓语动词与后面一样由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...，not...but等连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的数由后面的名词或代词的单复数来准备Eitheryouortheheadmasteristohandouttheprizestothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.5．具体情形具体分析①量词后加名词，谓语动词的数由量词的单复数准备Apieceofpaperisonthedesk.Twopiecesofpaperareonthedesk.②lotsof,plentyof等词表示“许多”等概念时，谓语动词的数由of后的名词的单复数准备③当主语中心词是all,some,any,enough,most,half,therest等时，谓语动词要视情形而定MostofwhathasbeensaidabouttheSmithsisalsotrueoftheJohnsons.④谓语动词既可以用单数又可以用复数的集合名词：team,class,army,family,group等；如表示一个整体概念或单位，谓语动词用单数；如表示其中的的各个成员，谓语动词用复数；Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.（把"family"看成家庭成员）Hisfamilyisabigandhappyfamily.（把"family"看成一个整体）17.非谓语动词主动（规律主语能发出的动作）被动（规律主语不能发出的动作）1.doing（1）要求接-ing形式作宾语的动词：avoid防止appreciate感谢/观看admit承认consider考虑can'thelp不禁can'tstand受不了dislike不宠爱，厌恶delay推迟deny否认enjoy享有/13/16\n宠爱excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅fancy幻想/爱好hate厌恶imagine设想keep保持miss错过mind介意pardon原谅/宽恕permit答应practice实行/实践prevent阻挡quit舍弃停止risk冒险stand坚持/忍耐suggest建议worth值得5.todo（1）要求接todo形式作宾语的动词：attempt妄图afford负担得起arrange支配appear似乎，显得ask问agree同意believe认为、信任begin开头beg请求choose选择demand要求destine注定determine准备decide准备enable能够expect期望fail不能hate憎恨/厌恶happen碰巧hesitate徘徊hope期望intend想要long期望love爱learn学习mean意欲，预备manage设法need需要offer供应pretend假装plan方案prefer宠爱/宁愿prepare预备promise承诺/答应propose提议refuse拒绝start开头seek找/查找try试图volunteer抱负wish期望want想要可以接动名词-ing和不定式to接doing接todo①rememberdoing记得做过某事〔已做〕remembertodo记住去做某事（未做）do的动词，但表达②forgetdoing遗忘做过某事〔已做过但遗忘了〕forgettodo遗忘要去做某事（此事未做）的意思不一样③regretdoing对做过的事感到遗憾、后悔regrettodo对要去做的事感到遗憾④stopdoing停止正在做的事stoptodo停止一件事去做另一件事⑤trydoing尝试做某事trytodo努力做〔不愿定成〕managetodo〔想方设法做成了〕⑥meandoing意味着meantodo预备，有意要⑦goondoing连续（原先没有做完的事情）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）⑨like/love/hate/prefer+doingsth宠爱做什么like/love/hate/prefer+todo想做什么只能接动名词-ing的句型（1）Itis+nouse,nogood〔fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...〕等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain.（2）Itis+useless〔nice,good，interesting,expensive等形容词〕+doingsth．Itisuselessspeaking.Itisniceseeingyouagain.Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.Itisexpensiverunningthiscar.（3）物+need,want,deserve,demand,require+doing〔=tobedone〕（-ing主动等于不定式的被动）14/16\nTheblackboardneedscleaning.=Theblackboardneedstobecleaned.18.英语构词法构成方式概念与例子（2）派生法（derivation）在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词unhappy;disagree;impossible;dis-notdishonest不恳切力dislike不宠爱disagree不同意disinfect不感染（消毒）il-;ir-;im-;in-notillegal非法的impossible不行能incorrect不正确irregular不规章的impolite没礼貌的un-notunreal不真实unseen看不见的unselfish无私的unshakable不行动摇的-ative–tive-ivetalkative健谈的sensitive敏捷的active积极的productive生产的-cian家（专家）musician音乐家physician物理学家-ern方向eastern东部（方）的southern南部（方）的northern北部（方）的western西部（方）的-ese某国（人）的；某地的；语言Chinese中国（人）的；汉语Japanese日本（人）的；日语Portuguese葡萄牙（人）的；葡萄牙语-ful富有的；布满的useful有用的respectful布满敬意的hopeful布满期望的meaningful有意义-ist主义的/者socialist社会主义的/者capitalist资本主义的/者Marxist马克思主义的/者dialecticalmaterialist辩证唯物主义的/者-less无；缺useless无用的priceless无价的；宝贵的valueless没有价值的-like如的;有性质childlike孩子般天真的-〔o〕logical学的geological地质学的biological生物学的ecological生态学的zoological动物学的-〔o〕logist学家geologist地质学家biologist生物学家ecologist生态学家zoologist动物学家-〔o〕logy学科geology地质学biology生物学ecology生态学zoology动物学-ee被动接受着examinee考生employee打工仔addressee收信人interviewee被采访者-er主动执行者examiner考官/监考人员employer老板addresser寄信人interviewer采访者-er–or-ar人；物reader读者teacher老师worker工人sailor海员washer洗衣机15/16\nengineer工程师inventor制造者conductor导体；操作员robber强盗-ese某国人；语言Chinese中国人；汉语Japanese日本人；日语Portuguese葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语-ist主义者socialist社会主义者capitalist资本主义者Marxist马克思主义者dialecticalmaterialist辩证唯物主义者-cian家musician音乐家physician物理学家-ment行为；性质；achievement成就movement运动improvement;agreement;development-ness性质；状态willingness心甘情愿illness疾病-ship性质；状态hardship苦难relationship关系friendship友情partnership陪伴动词后缀意义举例-en加/变widen加宽broaden扩宽soften软化harden变硬strengthen加强16/16