初中英语中考前必备知识总结 16页

基本语法表格1.人称代词和物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数(现在时,动词+s/es)复数人称代词主格Iweyouyousheheittheythese宾格meusyouyouherhimitthemthose物主代词(…的)物主性myouryouryourherhisitstheirthese名词性mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirsthose反身代词自己myselfourselvesyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfitselfthemselvesthemselves2.可数名词的复数构成举例1在名词后面加sAmericans,Germans,apples,bananas2以s,x,sh,ch,结尾的，加esboxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,foxesbuses3以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加esbaby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,4以元音字母加y结尾的直接加sday-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,way-ways5以o结尾加s（外来词）；但如是辅音加o的加esradios,photoszoostomatoes,potatoesheroes6以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加esthief,wife,shelf,knife,loaf,leaf,wolf,half,7一般只有复数，没有单数的有clothes;p0lice,people,crew,staff,police;pants,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,socks,trouses;scissors;（由两部分组成的东西）8特殊形式的有child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep;man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen16\n10如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数mandoctor--mendoctors,womanteacher--womenteachers11既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词class班，同学；family家，家庭成员；organization机构；army军队； audience 观众；enemy 敌人；navy 海军；committee 委员会；group,team.12单复数相同fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese13单复数意思不同fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸，卷子，论文work工作works作品，工厂glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜orange桔子水oranges橙子light光线lights灯cloth布clothes衣服people人peoples民族time时间times时代,次数chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡water水waters水域；公海wood木板；woods树林14常用的不可数名词water,milk,fruit,meat,food,paper,air,weather,rice,ice,furniture家具sheep羊肉,fish鱼肉（动物表示肉类）3.名词所有格（某人/物“的”东西）构成举例1单数：在后面加’sbrother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s2复数：以s结尾的直接在s后加’，不以s结尾的，加’sTeachers’Day教师节classmates’books同学们的书籍Children’sDay六一节Women’sDay三八节动词+ed的构成方式构成举例1直接在词尾加edwork-worked;play-played;want-wanted;act-acted2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，直接加dlive-lived;move-moved;taste-tasted;hope-hoped,3以辅音字母+y结尾的，把y变为i再加edstudy-studied;copy-copied;cry-cried;carry-carried16\n4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加edstopplanfitreferprefercanceltravelquarreldrop4.动词+ing的构成方式构成举例2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，要去掉e再加ingmake-making,write-writing,skate-skating,close–closing,come-coming,take-taking，have-having,dance-dancing,live–living;hope-hoping3若结尾的e发音,就不能去掉see-seeing4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ingrun-running,swim-swimming,get-getting,sit–sitting,put–putting,begin–beginning,hit-hitting,stop-stopping,forget–forgetting5在少数几个以ie结尾的动词后：须将ie变作y，再加ing。die–dying;tie–tying,lie–lying躺/位于lie---lied---lied---lying撒谎lie---lay---lain---lying躺/位于lay---laid---laid---laying下蛋/放5.时态语态公式时态主动被动be+done（过去分词）1．一般现在时do/doesam/is/aredone2．一般过去时①did②usedtodowas/weredone3．一般将来时①will/shalldo②am/is/aregoingtodowill/shallbedone4．现在进行时am/is/aredoingam/is/arebeingdone5．过去进行时was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone6．将来进行时willbedoingwillbedone7．现在完成时have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone8．过去完成时haddonehadbeendone9．将来完成时willhavedonewillhavebeendone10．现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoinghave/hasbeendone11．过去将来时woulddowouldbedone16\n6.主动/被动主动被动：be+done(be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been)1．一般现在时IdomyhomeworkeverydayMyhomeworkisdone(byme)everyday.2．一般过去时Ididmyhomeworkyesterday.Myhomeworkwasdone(byme)yesterday.3．一般将来时Iwilldomyhomeworktomorow.Myhomeworkwillbedone(byme)tomorrow.4．现在进行时Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.Myhomeworkisbeingdonenow.5．过去进行时Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.Myhomeworkwasbeingdoneat3:00yesterdayafternoon6．将来进行时Iwillbedoingmyhomeworktomorrow.Myhomeworkwillbedonetomorrow.7．现在完成时Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.Myhomeworkhasalreadybeendone.8．过去完成时Ihaddonemyhomeworkbeforeyesterdayafternoon.Myhomeworkhadbeendonebeforeyesterdayafternoon9．将来完成时Iwillhavedonemyhomeworktomorrow.Myhomeworkwillhavebeendonetomorrow.10．现在完成进行时Ihavebeendoingahalfofmyhomework.Myhomeworkhasbeendoneahalf.11．过去将来时IsaidthatIwoulddomyhomeworknextweek.Isaidthatmyhomeworkwouldbedonenextweek.7.不规则动词巧记表 AAA型  过去式、过去分词与原形一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义cutcutcut切、割、剪shutshutshut关、闭（门窗）putputput放置hurthurthurt受伤；疼痛letletlet让costcostcost值…钱；花费setsetset设置readreadread朗读；阅读hithithit撞击；打spreadspreadspread展开；铺开AAB型  过去式与原形一致16\n原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义beatbeatbeaten 击败；打败ABA型  过去分词与原形一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义runranrun跑步；逃跑comecamecome来becomebecamebecome变得；成为ABB型  过去式与过去分词一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义buyboughtbought买lead led led 领导；致使bring  broughtbrought带来mislead misled misled 误导fightfought fought 打架；打仗feed fed fed 喂养；喂食think thought thought 想；认为flee fled fled 逃跑seek  sought               sought寻找；探究meetmetmet遇见；碰到catch caughtcaught抓住；接住shoot shot shot 射击；投篮teachtaught taught 教；教书light lit/lighted lit/lighted 点燃lendlentlent借出getgotgot 获得；得到sendsentsent送；派遣win  won  won   获胜；赢得spendspent spent 花（时间、钱）sit sat sat  坐下buildbuilt built 建设；建立dig  dug  dug  挖掘feelfelt felt 感觉；摸起来stick stuck stuck 刺；戳leaveleft  left  离开hang hung hung 悬挂keepkeptkept保持；保留hang hanged  hanged 绞死sleep slept slept 睡觉sellsold sold 出售；卖oversleep overslept overslept 睡过头tell told told 告诉sweep  swept  swept  打扫smell smelt smelt 闻；嗅meanmeantmeant意思是spell spelt spelt  拼写16\nlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learned学；学会hold held held 拿着；举办burnburnt/burnedburnt/burned 燃烧；烧伤findfound found  找到；发现hearheardheard听见standstood stood  站立have/hashadhad有understandunderstood understood 理解makemade made 制作paypaid paid 付款shine  shone/shined shone/shined照耀saysaidsaid说loselostlost丢失；失去laylaidlaid下蛋layingdealdealtdealt处理lieliedlied撒谎lyinglielaylain躺/放lyingABC型  原形、过去式、过去分词不一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义beginbeganbegun  开始taketooktaken拿走drinkdrankdrunk喝；饮mistakemistookmistaken错拿ringrangrung铃响；打电话shakeshook shaken摇动；握（手）singsang sung唱歌eat ateeaten 吃sinksanksunk 下沉fallfell fallen落下；摔倒swimswamswum 游泳rise  rose（玫瑰）risen上升；上涨blowblewblown吹；刮风drive drovedriven驾驶flyflewflown 飞；放（风筝）give gavegiven给knowknewknown知道；懂得forgiveforgave forgiven 原谅growgrewgrown种植；生长seesawseen 看见throwthrew thrown扔；投ride roderidden 骑（车、马）draw drew drawn 绘画hide hidhidden 躲藏show showed shown 出示；给…看bite  bit bitten咬breakbrokebroken  forbidforbade/forbidden 禁止；不许16\n打破；不服从forbad speak spokespoken 说话writewrotewritten 书写stealstolestolen偷bear （熊）boreborn忍受choosechose chosen选择tear （眼泪）tore torn 撕破freeze froze frozen 冻结wearworeworn穿、戴wakewoke woke/woken 醒来；唤醒am/iswasbeen是strikestruckstruck/stricken打击；撞击arewere been是forgetforgot forgotten 忘记do/doesdiddone 做gowent gone去lielay lain躺；卧8.介词at;in;on的用法表时间构成举例①具体时间，“几点几分”用atShegoestobedateleveno’clock.②“在早上，在下午，在晚上”用in，且the不能省略；“在某年、某月”用in，不加冠词;“在中午，在夜里”用at，不加冠词inthemorning;intheafternoon;intheeveningin2000;inJuneatnoon;atnight③表示“在星期几”、“在星期几的上午、下午、晚上”“在某天”、“在某月某日”、用ononJune13;onMonday/Tuesday/SundayonMondaymorning/afternoon/evening/nigjt④在this,last,next,every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词Whatareyoudoingthisafternoon?　IdoiteveryFriday.表地点①在小地点用atatschool;athome;atrailwaystation;atthecorner②在大地方用ininBeijing;inChina;inAmarica;inAsia③在……上面用ononthedesk;onthetopofthemontain常用介词before(时间)在……前；截至（到）……in front of(地点)在……前面in thefront of在……前部after(时间)在……之后behind(地点)在……后面16\nuntil（till）直到……为止(动词如果是点动词，则必须用否定句)about在……各处；到处；在……附近;关于;大约 by①直到……为止；②以……计，后跟度量单位③“靠……手段”，“用……方法”，“凭借……动作”away离开；离……多远beyond超出……范围（或能力）for①为……；②表示一段时间；③用……交换around在……周围，围绕during在……(时间)内into进入through①一直……（从开始到结束）；②穿过along沿着from表示“是哪里人”，以及“时间或地点的起始点to到……（目的地）去，向……since自从……以来across横穿in①过……后（未来时间）；②在……里面（地点）in“用…语言” 常与write, speak, talk, answer等连用within不超过……的范围be made of表示从成品仍可看出原料outside在……外面be made from表示从成品已看不出原料between在……之间（指二者）with表示用什么工具，所用的东西都是具体的物among在……之间（指三者以上）without=butfor没有on在……上面，表面相互接触like像……一样above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”，与below相对as作为below在……下方，低于……near在……附近，与far相对over“在……正上方”，与under相对under在……正下方against①紧靠、倚靠②反对（反义词是for）beneath在……下方beside=by(地点)靠近，在……旁边，比near距离更近except for除……之外（主要用来谈论不同类的东西）besides除之外…还有except除之外…没有了（16\n主要用来谈论同类的东西）9.形容词的比较级和最高级构成举例1一般在形容词后加er/est如果是以e结尾则直接加r或stgreat-greater-greatest,short-shorter–shortest,tall-taller–tallest,long-longer–longest,nice-nicer-nicest,large-larger-largest2以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母结尾的，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加er/est（与动词+ed和+ing一样）big-bigger-biggestthin(字母组合除外，如few-fewer-fewest)red-redder-reddesthot-hotter-hottest3以辅音字母＋y结尾的，变y为i，再加er/est（与动词+ed；名词+es一样）happy-happier-happiest,sorry-sorrier-sorriest,friendly-friendlier-friendliest(morefriendly-mostfriendly),busy-busier-busiest,easy-easier-easiest4多音节形容词（比较长的形容词），比较级在词前面+more;最高级在词前面+themostcomfortable-morecomfortable-themostcomfortabledifficult-moredifficult-themostdifficultexpensive-moreexpensivethemostexpensiveimportantbeautiful-morebeautiful-themostbeautifulwonderfulconvenient-moreconvenient-themostconvenient方便interesting5特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)good/well–better–bestmany/much–more–mostbad/ill–worse–worst   little–less–leastold–older/elder–oldest/eldestfar–farther/further–farthest/furthest10.不定冠词a(an)的用法构成举例1a用于发辅音开始的可数名词单数前agirl;auniversity;ausefulbook(这里的u为元音字母,但发辅音)2an用于发元音开始的词前anEnglishbook;anhour,anhonor,anhonestboy(h不发音16\n,从元音o算起)11.定冠词the的用法构成举例4用来表示世界上独一无二的事物thesun,themoon,thesky,theearth,theworld5用于表示阶级、党派的名词前theChineseCommunistParty;theworkingclass6用于江河、湖海，山脉，群岛等名词前theYellowRiver；theEastSea；theHimalayas；thePacificOcean7用于由普通名词构成的国名ThePeople'sRepublicofChina；theUnitedStates8用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前theUnitedNations；theStateCouncil；theTangdynasty；thePeople'sDaily；theSummerPalace；thePeaceHotel； theBritishMuseum9用于表示方位的名词前theeast;thesouthwest;themiddle;theFarEast; ontheleft10用于西洋乐器名词前，但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词playthepiano;playtheviolin;playerhu;playguzheng11用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待Whenwegotthere,theLiuswerewaitingforus.TheSmithswatchTVeveryday.12用于某些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物thepoor;therich;theliving;theyoung;thewounded;thebeautiful12.不用冠词的情况2三餐饭的名词前breakfastlunchsupper3节假日等名词前onNationalDay;onChristmasDay;onTeachers’Day4球类和棋类运动的名词前playpingpang,playbasketball;playchess9季节、月份、星期等名词前1.Monday2.Tuesday3.Wednesday4.Thursday5.Friday6.Saturday7.Sunday1.January2.February3.March4.April5.May6.June7.July8.August9.September10.October11.November12.December20081..spring2.summer3.autumn4.winter16\n12在某些固定词组里onfoot;bytrain/boat/plane/bus/bike;infact;asamatteroffact;inclass　inchurch;indanger;inhospital;intown;inbed;athome;atschoolatdaybreak;atsunrise;atdusk;atsunset;atnight;atnoon;gotoschool;gotoclass;gotobed;frommorningtillnight;;fromdoortodoor13.（一）基数词范围特点实例1~12无规律one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve13~19以teen结尾thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety②hundred,thousand,million,billion)具体的数字两无，无s无of,如：5hundredstudents500个学生。模糊的数字两有，有s有of.of。如：;hundredsofstudents成百上千的学生14.（二）序数词范围特点实例1~19各基数词尾加th其中七个例外：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth其余，如：four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth20~90把y变i后加ethtwentieth,fortieth,ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词21st—twenty-first,110th—onehundredandtenth说明①first,second,third通常可缩写为1st,2nd,3rd。凡是以th结尾的序数词可缩写为“基数词+th”：4th,5th,9th,11th,60th,128th等。②.hundred,thousand,million等序数词形式为hundredth,thousandth,millionth等；这类词前用数字“1”时，这个“1”只用one，不用a：onehundredth第100(不说ahundredth)         tenthousandth(10,000th)第1000015.不定数量词“多”的表示法 修饰可数名词dozensof几十、许多16\nscoresof许多many,agood(great)many,manya（修饰单数可数名词）许多、大量hundredsof数以百计thousandsof,thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万alarge(great,big,small)number(majority)of许多、大量修饰不可数名词much,agreat(good)dealof,alargeamountof,largeamountsof,alarge(great,big)sumof（sum特指钱）许多、大量二者都可alotof/lotsof,plentyof,a(large)quantityof,largequantitiesof许多、大量16.主谓一致分类构成与举例1．谓语动词单数①不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时To learn a foreign language is not easy.=It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.Working with you is pleasant.=It’s pleasant working with you.②事件、国名、书名、作品名称作主语时Chinaisabigcountry.③表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等的名词词组作主语表示总量时Twohoursisenoughforustofinishtheexperiment．⑦由every，each，no，manya，agreatdealof，morethanone.等+单数名词作主语时EverymanandwomanattendsthemeetingManyastudentandteacheriswatchingthefootballmatch⑧thenumberof+复数名词作主语时（如是anumberof，谓语动词则用复数）Asyoucansee,thenumberofcarsonourroadsisrisingthesedays.Asyoucansee,anumberofcarsonourroadsarerisingthesedays.⑨由each，either，neither或由some，any，no，every构成的合成代词作主语时NeitherofthemisinterestedinEnglish.Somebodyiswaitingforyou.⑩谓语动词只用单数的集合名词：16\nmankind 人类;furniture 家具; foliage 植物;clothing 衣服; machinery 机械; merchandise 货物Then the furniture was moved in.Our clothing protects us from cold.2．谓语动词复数①由and或both...and...连接两个不同的概念作主语时（如连接同一概念，则单数）ApoetandanartistarecomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpainting.ApoetandartistiscomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpainting.②clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses等由两部分组成的名词作主语时④anumberof+复数名词作主语时Nowadays,alargenumberofwomen,especiallythosefromthecountryside,workintheclothingindustry.⑤谓语动词只用复数的集合名词：police 警察;militia民兵;people人们;vermin 害虫;cattle 牲畜;poultry 家禽The police are questioning everyone in the house.⑥“the+形容词／-ed分词”表示一类人,作主语时Theinjuredhavebeentakentohospital3．谓语动词与前面一致①由aswellas,with,togetherwith,alongwith,ratherthan,including,except,but,besides等连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词的数由前面的名词或代词的单复数来决定Thefatheraswellashisthreechildren goesskatingonthefrozenriver.②“therebe+并列名词”和“herebe+并列名词”中的谓语动词的数，由第一个名词的单复数来决定There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates4．谓语动词与后面一致由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not  only...butalso...，not...but等连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的数由后面的名词或代词的单复数来决定Eitheryouortheheadmasteristohandouttheprizestothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.5．具体情况具体分析①量词后加名词，谓语动词的数由量词的单复数决定Apieceofpaperisonthedesk.Twopiecesofpaperareonthedesk.②lotsof,plentyof等词表示“许多”等概念时，谓语动词的数由of后的名词的单复数决定③当主语中心词是all,some,any,enough,most,half,therest等时，谓语动词要视情况而定MostofwhathasbeensaidabouttheSmithsisalsotrueoftheJohnsons.④谓语动词既可以用单数又可以用复数的集合名词：team,class,army,family,group等。若表示一个整体概念或单位，谓语动词用单数；若表示其中的的各个成员，谓语动词用复数。His family are waiting for him.（把"family"看成家庭成员）Hisfamilyisabigandhappyfamily.（把"family"看成一个整体）17.非谓语动词16\n主动（逻辑主语能发出的动作）被动（逻辑主语不能发出的动作）1.doing（1）要求接-ing形式作宾语的动词：avoid避免appreciate感激/欣赏admit承认consider考虑can'thelp不禁can'tstand受不了dislike不喜欢，讨厌delay延迟deny否认enjoy享有/喜爱excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅fancy幻想/爱好hate讨厌imagine设想keep保持miss错过mind介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许practice实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险stand坚持/忍受suggest建议worth值得5.todo（1）要求接todo形式作宾语的动词：attempt企图afford负担得起arrange安排appear似乎，显得ask问agree同意believe认为、相信begin开始beg请求choose选择demand要求destine注定determine决定decide决定enable能够expect期望fail不能hate憎恨/厌恶happen碰巧hesitate犹豫hope希望intend想要long渴望love爱learn学习mean意欲，打算manage设法need需要offer提供pretend假装plan计划prefer喜欢/宁愿prepare准备promise承诺/允许propose提议refuse拒绝start开始seek找/寻觅try试图volunteer志愿wish希望want想要可以接动名词-ing和不定式todo的动词，但表达的意思不一样接doing接todo①rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)remembertodo记住去做某事（未做）②forgetdoing忘记做过某事(已做过但忘记了)forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做）③regretdoing对做过的事感到遗憾、后悔regrettodo对要去做的事感到遗憾④stopdoing停止正在做的事stoptodo停止一件事去做另一件事⑤trydoing尝试做某事trytodo努力做(不一定成)managetodo(想方设法做成了)⑥meandoing意味着meantodo打算，有意要⑦goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）⑨like/love/hate/prefer+doingsth喜欢做什么like/love/hate/prefer+todo想做什么只能接动名词-ing的句型（1）Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain.（2）Itis+useless(nice,good，interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth．Itisuselessspeaking.Itisniceseeingyouagain.16\nItisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.Itisexpensiverunningthiscar.（3）物+need,want,deserve,demand,require+doing(=tobedone)（-ing主动等于不定式的被动）Theblackboardneedscleaning.=Theblackboardneedstobecleaned.18.英语构词法构成方式概念与例子（2）派生法（derivation）在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词unhappy;disagree;impossible;dis-notdishonest不诚实力dislike不喜欢disagree不同意disinfect不感染（消毒）il-;ir-;im-;in-notillegal非法的impossible不可能incorrect不正确irregular不规则的impolite没礼貌的un-notunreal不真实unseen看不见的unselfish无私的unshakable不可动摇的-ative–tive-ivetalkative健谈的sensitive敏感的active积极的productive生产的-cian……家（专家）musician音乐家physician物理学家-ern方向eastern东部（方）的southern南部（方）的northern北部（方）的western西部（方）的-ese某国（人）的；某地的；语言Chinese中国（人）的；汉语Japanese日本（人）的；日语Portuguese葡萄牙（人）的；葡萄牙语-ful富有的；充满的useful有用的respectful充满敬意的hopeful充满希望的meaningful有意义-ist主义的/者socialist社会主义的/者capitalist资本主义的/者Marxist马克思主义的/者dialecticalmaterialist辩证唯物主义的/者-less无；缺useless无用的priceless无价的；贵重的valueless没有价值的-like如…的;有…性质childlike孩子般天真的-(o)logical……学的geological地质学的biological生物学的ecological生态学的zoological动物学的-(o)logist……学家geologist地质学家biologist生物学家ecologist生态学家zoologist动物学家-(o)logy……学科geology地质学biology生物学ecology生态学zoology动物学16\n-ee被动接受着examinee考生employee打工仔addressee收信人interviewee被采访者-er主动执行者examiner考官/监考人员employer老板addresser寄信人interviewer采访者-er–or-ar人；物reader读者teacher老师worker工人sailor海员washer洗衣机engineer工程师inventor发明者conductor导体；操作员robber强盗-ese某国人；语言Chinese中国人；汉语Japanese日本人；日语Portuguese葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语-ist主义者socialist社会主义者capitalist资本主义者Marxist马克思主义者dialecticalmaterialist辩证唯物主义者-cian……家musician音乐家physician物理学家-ment行为；性质；achievement成就movement运动improvement;agreement;development-ness性质；状态willingness心甘情愿illness疾病-ship性质；状态hardship苦难relationship关系friendship友谊partnership陪伴动词后缀意义举例-en加/变……widen加宽broaden扩宽soften软化harden变硬strengthen加强16