[高考]2012高考阅读理解分类指导与训练 40页

命题点1高考阅读理解之细节事实本尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who,what,when,where,why和how等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：When/Wheredidthestoryhappen?Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)correct?Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)mentionedinthepassage?Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?Allthestatementsaretrueexcept…该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。二、解题思路与应试技巧细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。40\n下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。【考例】（2009湖南卷，B篇）61.HowlongdoesittakethebatterytochargeupaniPhone?A.15minutes.B.30minutes.C.1.5hours.D.3hours.【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词Howlong，chargeup，iPhone，由第一段第一句JustplugRichardSolo1800intoyouriPhoneonceortwiceaday,forfifteenminutes,andkeepyouriPhonechargedup.可以得出答案为A。（2009陕西卷，B篇）46.Edmondsenteredtheworldofpoliticsfirstas________.A.newssecretaryforacongressmanB.aspeechwriterforPresidentClintonC.newssecretaryintheWhiteHouseD.aspeechwriterforSecretaryDonnaShalala【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词theworldofpolitics，在第三段第二句话找到相关信息：Hejoinedtheworldofpoliticsasnewssecretaryforhiscongressman（国会议员）fromBaltimoreDuringBillClinton’spresidency…因此答案为A。2、间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。【考例】（2009山东卷，A篇）57.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheHatches?A.TheyhadtheirchildrenduringtheGreatDepression.B.Theyleftthefamilyfarmtoliveinanoldhouse.C.Theygaveawaytheirpossessionstotheirneighbors.D.Theyhelpedtheirneighborstofindjobs.【解析】C。间接信息题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的(ChildrenoftheGreatDepression,IshandArlenewereknownfortheirhabitofsaving.)，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但未提及帮助他们找工作，D项错误。C项说Hatch夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们，符合文意。3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。【考例】（2009福建卷，B篇）61.Theforeigndriverswhobreakthetrafficlawanddonotpayonthespotarelikelytobefinedupto_______.A.￡60B.￡300C.￡900D.￡980【解析】D。依据文章第一段可知，这种罚款可高达900英镑(Foreigndriverswillhavetopayon-the-spotfinesofupto￡900forbreakingthetrafficlawtobecarriedoutnextmonth.40\n)，再依据第二段Iftheydonothaveenoughcashoraworkingcreditcard,theirvehicleswillbeclamped（扣留）untiltheypay—andtheywillfaceanadditionalfeeof￡80forgettingbacktheirvehicles.可知本题选D，即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是900+80=980英镑。4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。【考例】（2009湖北卷，D篇）64.Whichorderofstepsisfollowedincarryingouttheproject?A.Assessment—Prototype—Design—Construction.B.Assessment—Design—Prototype—Construction.C.Design—Assessment—Prototype—Construction.D.Design—Prototype—Assessment—Construction.【解析】D。请看文章第二段：Gernermanagesschoolfacilities（设施）forClarkCounty,Nevada,adistrictroughlythesizeofMassachusetts.By2018,143,000additionalstudentswillenterthealreadycrowdedpublic-educationsystem.Gernerneeds73newschoolstohousethem.Fourarchitectureteamshavenearlyfinisheddesigningprimaryschoolprototypes（样品）;theyplantoconstructtheirschoolsstartingin2009.Thedistrictwillthenassesshowwelltheschoolsperform,andthreewinnerswillcopythosedesignsin50to70newbuildings.根据第二段的描述，工程的实施应按照“设计—提供样品—评估—建设”的程序。其它程序都不符合标准的建筑要求。（2008福建卷，A篇）59.What’stherightorderoftheeventsrelatedtoTanni?a.Sheworksasacoach.b.Shetookupathletics.c.ShewonfourgoldmedalsinBarcelona.d.ShecompetedinherfirstParalympicGames.e.SheachievedavictoryinherfirstLondonWheelchairMarathon.A.b,d,c,e,aB.a,d,b,c,eC.a,d,c,e,bD.b,d,a,e,c【解析】A。排列顺序题。本题要求判断各个事件的先后顺序。观察文章的2～6段，注意几个表示时间的词（组）：1984，1988，1992，inthesameyear，2007，可帮助考生迅速找到答案。5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。【考例】（2009安徽卷，D篇）71.Thechartshowsthatfrom2005to2008,________.A.thepercentageoftheSpanishfamilieswithacomputerrose35pointsB.thepercentageoftheWhitefamilieswithacomputerremainedunchangedC.thenumberoftheBlackfamilieswithacomputerwasonthedecreaseD.thenumberoftheAsianfamilieswithacomputershowedthesharpestincrease40\n【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图：由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与图表不符，故D项正确。（2007江苏卷，C篇）65.ThepackagefeedoesNOTcoverthecostof_______.【解析】A。所给的四幅图画分别代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“游览”和“餐饮”。根据文章中“AllFee’sIncluded.NoHiddenCost.”可知这次游览的费用都包含在“PackageFee”里面，没有其它暗含的费用。但是由于这是一个总共5.7小时的游览，下午乘飞机返回还不耽误吃晚饭和看日落（intimefordinnerandsunset）可知是不需要住宿的，因此“住宿”的费用不包含在整个费用之内。巩固练习：（1）Mostpeoplewhoenjoymoviesdonotreallycarehowtheyaremade.Theyjustwanttoenjoyagoodstory.MovieproduceranddirectorGeorgeLucaswantspeopletoseethebestmademovies.So,hislatestmovieStarWarswasmadewithoutusingfilm.StarWarswasmadeusingdigitalcameras.Adigitalcameradoesnotusetraditionalfilm.Itcapturesimagesonvideotape.Theimagesrecordedonvideotapearetheplacedinacomputer.GeorgeLucassaysthatusingdigitalcameraspermitshimtohavemuchmorecontroloverthefinalproduct.Forexample,theimagecanbechangedafteritisplacedinacomputer.Anexpertcanchangecolor,addortakeoutobjects,addpeopleorbeingswhoarenotreal.MuchofwhatisseeninthenewmovieStarWarsisnotreal.Hugebuildings,spacecraftandalienbeingsfromotherworldswereproducedinacomputer.Movieexpertssaydigitaltechnologyistherealfutureofthemotionpictureindustry.Atheaterwillnolongerhavetowaitdaysorweekstoshowanewmovie.Theaterswillbeabletoreceivecopiesofnewmoviesbylinkingcomputers.Ortheywillusesmallcomputerdiskstogeta40\ncopyofthemovie.WhenthenewmovieStarWarswasreleasedlastmonth,only94theatersaroundtheworldhadthedigitalequipmentneededtoshowit.SoMr.Lucas’companyproducedabout6,000copiesofthenewdigitalmovieontraditionalfilmforreleaseinmosttheaters.However,mostpeoplewhohaveseenthemoviesaythesefilmcopiesareofmuchbetterqualitythanotherfilmedmovies.Criticssaythenewdigitaltechnologyisverycostly.Manytheaterownerswillnotbuythenewtechnology,yetmanyofthepeoplewhoworkedonthenewmovieStarWarssaytheywouldnotliketoworkwithfilmagain.Theysaidusingdigitalequipmentwasfaster,andvideotapeismuchlesscostlythanfilm.Onecameramansaidthedirectorofamoviecanimmediatelyseewhatwasjustrecorded,somethingimpossibletodowithfilm.1.AccordingtoGeorgeLucas,whatmakesthebestmademoviespossible?A.Agoodstory.B.Film.C.Digitalcameras.D.Videotape.2.WhichisNOTtruefortherealfutureofthemotionpictureindustry,accordingtomovieexperts?A.Linkingcomputersforcopiesofnewmovies.B.Showingfilmedmoviesintheaters.C.Usingsmallcomputerdiskstogetacopyofthemovie.D.Havingthedigitalequipmentneededtoshowthemovie.3.Accordingtothepassage,whichistrueaboutthenewmovieStarWars?A.Thereareabout6,000copiesofthenewdigitalmovie.B.Ithasbeenshowninonly94theatersaroundtheworld.C.Itisthebestamongfilmedmovies.D.Itistheproductofthenewdigitaltechnology.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheadvantagesofthenewdigitalmovie?A.Thedirectorcanhavetheobjectsandpeopleaddedortakenout.B.Itwillbemoreconvenientfortheaterstogetsuchkindofnewmovies.C.Peopleallagreethatthenewdigitalmoviesarelesscostlythanthefilmedmovies.D.Thedirectorcanmonitortherecordingandcheckwhatwasrecordedjustnow.（2）AstheUSwakesuptoChina’srisingstatusasaneconomicandstrategiccompetitor,USparentsareurgingtheirchildrentolearnChinese,reportsJulianBorger.TheUSisbeingsweptbyarushtolearnMandarin—fromwealthyNewYorkmothershiringChinesenannies（保姆）fortheirsmallchildrentoadefencedepartmenteducationprojectinOregon.TheforcesdrivingMandarin’smomentum（势头）areparentalambitionforchildrenfacingafutureinwhichChinaisalmostcertaintobeamajorplayer,andthegovernmentisworriedaboutthatAmericamaygetleftbehindinthatnewworld.Thebottleneckisthesupplyofteachers.Mandarininstructorsaredifficulttoimportanddifficulttotrain.TherearevisaproblemsinbringingoverteachersfromChinabutthebiggestbarrieriscultural.TeachinginAsiaisgenerallydonebyroteandthechangetowestern,interactivestylesofinstructioncanbealargeleap.40\nOntheotherhand,itrequiresenormousfirmnessforwesternerstolearnalanguagelikeChinese,withitsthousandsofwrittencharacters.AccordingtotheAsiaSocietyinNewYork,allofAmerica’steacher-traininginstitutionsturnoutonlyacoupleofdozenhomegrownMandarinteachers.OnewaytoeasetheshortageistofindnativeMandarinspeakersandusefast-trackmethodstotrainthem.However,themajorityofChinese-AmericansgrewupspeakingCantonese,thedialectspokeninHongKong,wheretheirparentscamefrom.ManyarethemselvessigningonasMandarinstudentsattheprivatelanguageschoolsspringinguponthewestcoast.1.WhyareUSparentssoeagertomaketheirchildrenlearnMandarin?A.Theyareurgedbythegovernmenttodoso.B.Theyareafraidtobeleftbehindbyotherparents.C.TheybelieveChinawillplayamajorroleinthefutureworld.D.TheyarejustcarriedawaybyMandarin’smomentum.2.Theunderlinedword“rote”inthe4thparagraphprobablyreferstoateachingpatternwhich.A.focusesonmemoryworkB.allowsthestudentstothinkindependentlyC.iscenteredoninteractiveskillsD.putsmuchemphasisonexaminations3.WhatisthemainproblemintheMandarin’smomentumintheUS?A.Thelackofqualifiedteachers.B.Theculturalbarrierbetweentheeastandwest.C.TheAmericans’lackoffirmness.D.ThemanywrittenChinesecharacters.（3）TheNewYorker1Year,46IssuesCoverPrice:$194.70YourPrice:$46.00AboutTheNewYorker:TheNewYorkeristheeclecticmagazineforreadersinterestedinthearts,currentevents,andculture.TheNewYorkerincludesarticlesondomesticandinternationalnews,exploringcurrentideasandtrends,plussports,fashion,andentertainmentevents.Inaddition,TheNewYorkeriswellknownforpublishingoutstandingshortfictionandcartoonswithanironictwist.Playboy1Year,12IssuesCoverPrice:$72.88YourPrice:$15.96AboutPlayboy:Playboyisamagazineofliterature,politicalthought,sports,commentaryandhumor.AlthoughPlayboyismostwellknownforitspictorialsofbeautifulwomen,itisalsohighly40\nregardedforitsinterviewsandfictionwriting.Playboyincludesregularfeaturearticlesonfinance,sports,entertainment,self-improvement,technology,andpsychology.Youmustbe18oroldertoorderPlayboy.Nickelodeon1Year,10IssuesCoverPrice:$39.90YourPrice:$19.97AboutNickelodeon:Nickelodeonisfilledwithwonderfulentertainmentforchildren.Itiswholesome,imaginative,andtrulyfromachild’spointofview.Nickelodeonseestheworldfromyourchild’sperspective,whereit’sfuntolaugh－tothink－todo－tolearn.Sharetheaward-winningentertainmentandhumormagazinefromNickelodeonwithyourkids.Lucky1Year,12IssuesCoverPrice:$35.40YourPrice:$15.00AboutLucky:Luckyistheultimateshoppingmagazinewiththebestlooks,thebestbuys,andthebesttrendsbeforetheyhitthestores.Butwhatmakesreallyuniqueisallthedetailedinformationyou’llgetonhowtopurchasethemerchandiseyou’llfind.Luckyprovidesyouwith800numbers,websiteaddresses,andmoretomakeyourshoppingexperienceeasyandconvenient!Luckyisyourone-stopshoppingguidetoallthegreatestnewproductsonthemarket.What’smore,itprovideswonderfulentertainmentforwomen.1.Whichmagazinegivesbuyersthelargestpriceadvantageinpercentage?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky2.Ifyouareahousewife,whichmagazinewillyouprobablybuy?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky3.Ifyouareaskedtochooseamagazineforalittleboy,whichonedoyouthinkissuitable?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky4.Whatinformationiscontainedinallthefourmagazines?A.SportsB.NewsC.EntertainmentD.Trends5.Foreachissue,whichmagazineisthecheapestaccordingtotheadvertisement?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky（4）Happinesspaysoff,studiesshow.Psychologistsseekingtherealsecretsofhappinessreportthatveryhappypeopletendtobemoreextrovertedandagreeablethanlesshappypeople.“Ourfindingssuggestthatveryhappypeoplehaverichandsatisfyingsocialrelationshipsandspendlittletimealonerelativetoaveragepeople,”writepsychologistsEdDienerandMartinE.P.SeligmaninthejournalPsychologicalScience.Solidsocialrelationshipsdonotpromisehappiness,buttheyareanimportantcontributingfactor.Theveryhappypeoplewhomtheauthorsstudiedallsaidthey40\nhadgoodqualitysocialrelationships.However,theauthorswrite,thereisnosinglekeytohighhappiness.“Highhappinessseemstobelikebeautifulsymphonic（交响乐）music—includingmanyinstruments,withoutanyonebeingenoughforthebeautifulquality.”Dienerregardshappinessas“subjective(主观的)well-being”―inotherwords,thepersonevaluates（评估）hisorherownqualityoflife.Thequestiontoaskis,“Ismylifegoingwell，accordingtothestandardsIchoosetouse?”Iftheansweris“yes”,thenthatpersonisjudgedtobehappy.Becausepeopleevaluatetheirlivesbasedonhappiness，“subjectivewell-beingisveryimportant.Thoughnecessary,itisnotenoughforhavingagoodlife.Subjectivewell-being“seemsquitenecessaryforthegoodsociety,althoughitisnotenoughforthatsocietybecausethereareotherthingswealsovalueandwouldwantinsuchaplace,”saysDiener.Cansubjectivewell-beingbemeasuredscientifically?Dienerpointsoutthreepartscontributingtohappiness:pleasantemotionsandmoods,lackofnegativeemotionsandmoods,andsatisfactionjudgment,towhichotherfactors—includingcheerfulnessandfeelingsoffulfillment—maybeadded.Thereisnomagicformula（公式）forhappiness.Dienersuggestsstepsyoucantaketoensureyouareashappyasyoucanbe.Surroundingyourselfwithgoodfriendsandfamily—peoplewhocareaboutyouandwhomyoucareabout—isastart.Joininginactivitiesyouenjoyandvalueisalsoimportant;whetherit’sworkorplay,keepingbusyinanenvironmentenjoyabletoyouwillcontributemuchtoyoursubjectivewell-being.Inaddition,ahealthyoutlookisnecessary.1.Theunderlinedword“extroverted”probablymeans______.A.pleasantandsocialB.hard-workingandactiveC.carefulandshyD.warm-heartedandhelpful2.Happinessandsymphonicmusicarecommoninthat__________.A.theyarebothsomethingbeautifulB.theybothmakepeoplefeelpleasedC.theybothdependonmorethanonefactorD.theyarebothhardtoachieve3.AccordingtoDiener,apersoncanbejudgedtobehappywhenhe______.A.hasrichsocialrelationshipsB.spendsmoretimewithotherpeopleC.livesaqualitylifeD.thinkshislifeisgoingwellaccordingtothestandardshechoosestouse4.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtocomponentscontributingtohappiness?A.Pleasantmoods.B.Negativeemotions.C.Satisfactionjudgment.D.Feelingsoffulfillment.（5）Childrenhavetheirownrulesinplayinggames.Theyseldomneedareferee(裁判)andrarelytroubletokeepscores.Theydon'tcaremuchaboutwhowinsor'loses,anditdoesn'tseemtoworrythemifthegameisnotfinished.40\nYet,theylikegamesthatdependalotonluck,sothattheirpersonalabilitiescannotbedirectlycompared.Theyalsoenjoygamesthatmoveinstages,inwhicheachstage,thechoosingofleaders,thepicking-upofsides,orthedeterminingofwhichsideshallstart,isalmostagameinitself.Grown-upscanhardlyfindchildren'sgamesexciting,andtheyoftenfeelpuzzledatwhytheirkidsplaysuchsimplegamesagainandagain.However,itisfoundthatachildplaysgamesforveryimportantreasons.Hecanbeagoodplayerwithouthavingtothinkwhetherheisapopularperson,andhecanfindhimselfbeingausefulpartnertosome-oneofwhomheisordinarilyafraid.Hebecomesaleaderwhenitcomestohisturn.Hecanbeconfident,too,inpar-ticulargamesthatitishisplacetogiveorders,topretendtobedead,ortokisssome-onehehascaught.ItappearstousthatwhenchildrenplayagametheyimagineasituationundertheircontrokEveryoneknowstherules,andmoreimportantly,everyoneplaysaccordingtotherules.Thoserulesmaybechildish,buttheymakesurethateverychildhasachancetowin.1.Whatistrueaboutchildrenwhentheyplaygames?A.Theycanstopplayinganytimetheylike.B.Theycantesttheirpersonalabilities.C.Theywanttopickabetterteam.D.Theydon'tneedrules.2.Tobecomealeaderinagame,thechildhasto_______.A.playwellB.waitforhisturnC.beconfidentinhimselfD.bepopularamonghisplaymates3.Whatdoweknowaboutgrown-ups?A.Theyarenotinterestedingames.B.Theyfindchildren'sgamestooeasy.C.Theydon'tneedareasontoplaygames.D.Theydon'tunderstandchildren'sgames.4.Whydoesachildlikeplayinggames?A.Becausehecanbesomeoneotherthanhimself.B.Becausehecanbecomepopularamongfriends.C.Becausehefindsheisalwaysluckyingames.D.Becausehelikestheplacewhereheplaysagame.5.Thewriterbelievesthat_______.A.childrenshouldmakebetterrulesfortheirgamesB.childrenshouldinvitegrown-upstoplaywiththemC.children'sgamescandothemalotofgoodD.childrenplaygameswithoutreasons（6）TiredotWorkingYourCountry!40\nWithover500instructorsand20yearsofexperience,wearetheleaderinthefieldofteachingforeignlanguages.WenowhavepositionsopeninOsakastartingSeptember/OctoberinstructorsofEnglish,German,SpanishandFrench.Teachmanydifferentkindsofclassesusingthelatesttechnologyinsmallclassesofupto3students.Accommodation(住宿),andothernecessarydocuments(文件)willbereadybeforeyouleave.Applicantswillteachtheirfirstlanguageonly.Excellentteachertrainingprograms.Ifyouareyoungwithauniversitydegreeandarewillingtoexperiencedifferentcultures,apply(申请)now.Experienceinteachingisanadvantagebutnotspeciallyrequired.KnowledgeoftheJapaneselanguageisnotnecessarybutgoodEnglishskillsandpracticalcomputerknowledgearebasicrequirements.ApplywithC.V.andsendlettersto..NOVAFrance,Mr.Sampy(IHT3/2)34,BE).Haussmann,75009Paris,FranceFax.33148visitourwebsite:www,teachjp,comThemanagerexpectstomeetandtalkwithsuccessfulapplicantsinParisinJuneandJuly.1.What15thepurposeofthetext?A.TointroducealanguageschoolinJapan.B.TohirelanguageteacherstoworkinJapanC.TodescribeworkingconditionsinJapan.D.TomakecleartherequirementsforJapaneseteachers2.WeknowfromthetextthatthosewhoaregoingtoJapanwill_______.A.teachEnglishonlyinOsakaB.receiveadegreefromauniversityC.havefreeaccommodationD.gettrainedforthejob3.BeforegoingtoJapan,youneed_______.A.toseethemanagerofNOVAFranceB.totakesomecomputercoursesC.towritealettertoJapanD.tofindaplacetolive4.IfyouwanttoworkinJapanyoushould_______.A.havesomeworkingexperienceB.knowhowtousecomputersC.presentgoodteachingplansD.speakseverallanguagesPassage命题点2高考阅读理解主旨大意40\n在高考阅读理解中，主旨大意题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是《英语课程标准》和《考试说明》对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。一、题型特点与命题方式【设题类型】1、概括文章大意；2、选出最佳题目（标题）；3、概括人物特点。【设问形式】1、标题类常见的标题型题干：1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_____________.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled______________.3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2、大意类常见的主题型题干：1)Thispassagechieflydealswith____________.2)What’sthetopicofthearticle?3)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?4)Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?【命题趋势】考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题（title）或中心思想（mainidea）等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主题思想，是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试，自然也以此作为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。二、解题思路与应试技巧做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。1、标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。40\n　　文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。【考例】(2009全国卷I，A篇)59.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AMother’sLoveB.ABraveActC.ADeadlyRiverD.AMatterofLifeandDeath【解析】A。整篇文章叙述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施来进行保护小牛，体现了浓浓的母爱。文章最后一段点题：WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamother’slove.(2009天津卷，D篇)55.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DrinkingforBetterSocialRelationshipsB.ExperimentsofPersonalityEvaluationC.DevelopingBetterDrinkingHabitsD.PhysicalSensationsandEmotions【解析】D。本文第一段中“Thephysicalsensation（感觉）ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmth,whileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecisions—thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohnA.Bargh.”就已点明本文的主题思想：身体对温度的感觉与情绪有关。(2009湖北卷，C篇)62.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TimexorRolex?B.MyChildhoodTimexC.Watches?NotforMe!D.Watches—aValuableCollection【解析】C。文章通篇讲述在现代许多移动设备都能报时的前提下，还花费很多钱购买名表究竟是否合适，因此选择C“手表？我不要！”为标题较为形象生动，也很贴切。A“天美时还是劳力士”，B“我的孩童时代的天美时”，D“手表——昂贵的选择”都不符合文章主题。2、大意类解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:说明文议论文记叙文在开头√(较常见)√√在结尾√(较少见)√√在中间√√中心贯穿全文√(较常见)概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等40\n。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。【考例】(2009北京卷，D篇)71.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Musiceducationdeservesmoreattention.B.Musicshouldbeoftopeducationpriority.C.Musicisaneffectivecommunicationtool.D.Musiceducationmakesstudentsmoreimaginative.【解析】A。文章第一段引出话题：Whenstudentsandparentsareaskedtoratesubjectsaccordingtotheirimportance,theartsareunavoidablyatthebottomofthelist.Musicisnice,peopleseemtosay,butnotimportant.Toooftenitisviewedasmereentertainment,butcertainlynotaneducationpriority（优先）.Thisviewisshortsighted.Infact,musiceducationisbeneficialandimportantforallstudents.表明人们对音乐不重视，然后作者从不同方面来论证自己的观点：音乐应该得到人们更多的关注。(2009湖北卷，E篇)70.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Ourlifeisgovernedbythelawoftime.B.Howtoorganizetimeisnotworthdebating.C.Newwaysofusingtimechangeoursociety.D.Ourtimescheduleisdecidedbysocialcustoms.【解析】A。文章通过论述现代社会人们对工作与休息时间的界限比较模糊，旨在说明我们的生活受到时间法则的约束，法律约束着我们对学习、工作与休息时间的安排，因此选择A“我们的生活由时间规律掌控”符合文章主题。B“怎样安排时间不值得讨论”，C“利用时间的新方法改变了我们社会”，D“我们的时间日程由社会习惯决定”都不合文章主题或表达不正确。(2009山东卷，D篇)75.What’sthemainideaofthetext?A.Universitieshavereceivedmoreapplications.B.EconomicsisattractinganincreasingnumberofstudentsC.CollegestudentsbenefitalotfromeconomicuncertaintyD.Parentsareconcernedwithchildren’ssubjectselection.【解析】B。通读全文可知，由于全球金融危机的蔓延，不仅选择经济学专业的学生数量增加了，还有很多非经济学专业的学生也参加经济学方面的讲座，并且有多达三分之二的父母也要求学校教授学生经济学方面的知识。因此，整篇文章主要讲的是经济学对学生的吸引力。(2009四川卷，E篇)60.Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthetext?A.TechnologyB.SustainabilityC.EthanolenergyD.Environmentalprotection【解析】B。文章从玉米制造乙醇的行为入手，说这样的“可持续发展”会引起其他方面的问题，是不实际的。因此文章的话题是Sustainability“可持续性发展”。巩固练习：（1）Whenwetalkaboutintelligence,wedonotmeantheabilitytogetgoodscoresincertainkindsoftestsoreventheabilitytodowellinschool.Byintelligencewemeanawayoflivingandbehaving,especiallyinaneworanxioussituation.Ifwewanttotestintelligence,weneedtofindouthowapersonactsinsteadofhowmuchheknowswhattodo.Forexample,wheninanewsituation,anintelligentpersonthinksaboutthesituation,not40\nabouthimselforwhatmighthappentohim.Hetriestofindoutallhecan,andthenheactsimmediatelyandtriestodosomethingaboutit.Heprobablyisn’tsurehowitwillallworkout,butatleasthetries.And,ifhecan’tmakethingsworkoutright,hedoesn’tfeelashamedthathefails;hejusttriestolearnfromhismistakes.Anintelligentperson,evenifheisveryyoung,hasaspecialoutlook(人生观)onlife,specialfeelingaboutlife,andknowshowhefitsintoit.Ifyoulookatchildren,you’llseegreatdifferencebetweenwhatwecall“bright”childrenand“notbright”children.Theyareactuallytwodifferentkindsofpeople,notjustthesamekindwithdifferentamountsofintelligence.Forexample,thebrightchildreallywantstofindoutmoreaboutlife—hetriestogetintouchwitheverythingaroundhim.Buttheunintelligentchildkeepsmoretohimselfandhisowndream–world;heseemstohaveawallbetweenhimandlifeingeneral.1.Accordingtothispassage,intelligenceistheability.A.tobehaveimmediatelyB.todowellinschoolC.todealwithlifeD.toknowwhattodo2.Inanewsituation,anintelligentperson.A.knowsmoreaboutwhatmighthappentohimB.issureoftheresulthewillgetC.concentratesonthesituationD.caresmoreabouthimself3.Accordingtothepassagethebiggestdifferencebetween“bright”childrenand“notbright”childrenliesin.A.theamountofintelligenceB.thedifferentsituationstheyfaceC.thedifferentattitudestolifeD.thebackgroundoflife4.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.What’srealmeaningofintelligence?B.What’sthe“bright”children’sbehavior?C.What’saspecialoutlookonlife?D.Howtoliveandbehaveinanewsituation?5.Inthenextpartofthepassage,theauthormightcontinuetotalkabout.A.howtodeterminewhatintelligenceisB.howeducationshouldbechangedC.howtojudgewhetherapersonisintelligentD.howanunintelligentpersonshouldbetaught(2)Achemicalimportantofbraindevelopmentmayplayaroleinexplainingwhysomepeoplearegenetically(由基因决定地)likelytosufferfromanxietyandcouldleadtonewtreatments,U.S.researcherssaid.Theysaidhighlyanxiousratswhichwerekepthadverylowlevelsofabrainchemicalcalledfibroblastgrowthfactor2orFGF2,comparedwithratsthatweremorerelaxed.Butwhentheyimprovedtheanxiousrats’livingconditions—givingthemnewtoystoexploreandabiggercage40\ntolivein—levelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedandtheybecamelessanxious.“Thelevelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedinresponsetotheexperiencesthattheratswereexposedto.Italsodecreasedtheiranxiety”.JavierPerezoftheUniversityofMichigansaidinatelephoneinterview.“Itmadethembehavethesamewayastheratsthatwererelaxed”,hesaid.Inaformerstudyofpeoplewhowereseverelydepressedbeforetheydied,theteamfoundthegenethatmakesFGF2wasproducingverylowlevelsofthegrowthfactor,whichisknownprimarilyfororganizingthebrainduringdevelopmentandrepairingitafterinjury.Perezthinksthebrainchemicalmaybeamarkerforgeneticvulnerability(脆弱性)toanxietyanddepression.Butitcanalsorespondtochangesintheenvironmentinapositiveway,possiblybypreservingnewbraincells.Whileboththecalmandanxiousratsproducedthesamenumberofnewbraincells,thesecellswerelesslikelytosurviveinthehigh-anxietyrats,theteamfound.GivingtheratsbetterlivingconditionsorinjectingthemwithFGF2helpedimprovecellsurvival.“Thisdiscoverymaypavethewayfornew,morespecifictreatmentsforanxietythatwillnotbebasedonsedation(药物镇静),butwillinsteadfighttherealcauseofthedisease,”Dr.PierVincenzoPiazzafromFrancesaidinastatement.6.WeknowfromthepassagethatwiththelevelsofFGF2decreasing,theratswill.A.dieofanxietysoonB.sufferfromaheadacheC.becomemorerelaxedD.becomemoreanxious7.What’sthebetterwaytoincreasethelevelsofFGF2?A.Introducingmorecompanionstotheanxiousrats.B.Improvingthelivingconditionsoftheanxiousrats.C.Injectingtheanxiousratswithsomespecialmedicine.D.Givingtheanxiousratsmoretimetorelax.8.Theunderlinedword“it”inParagraph4refersto.A.theteamB.thegeneC.thegrowthfactorD.thebrain9.What’sthemaininfluenceofthenewdiscovery?A.Doctorswon’tuseanymedicinetocureanxiety.B.Doctorsmaytreatanxietymoreefficiently.C.Doctorswillfindtherealcauseofanxiety.D.Doctorsmayfindnewmedicineforanxiety.10.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A.AnxiousratsandrelaxedratsB.Anxiety—aseriousmentaldiseaseC.ScientificresearchintothebrainisimportantD.Brainchemicalmayplaykeyroleinanxiety(3)TheEarth’saxis(轴)isanimaginarylinethatrunsthroughthemiddleoftheEarthfromtheNorthPoletotheSouthPole.Theaxisoftheearthistilted(倾斜)about23.5degrees.Thistiltoftheearthresultsinourseasons.InJune,theNorthernHemisphere(半球)istiltedtowardthesun,sothepeopleintheNorthern40\nHemispherehavelongerandwarmerdays.ThedaysareshorterandcolderintheSouthernHemisphereinJune,becausetheEarthistiltedawayfromthesun.ThedaysstartgettingshorterintheNorthernHemisphereandlongerintheSouthernHemisphereafteraboutJune21.ThisisthefirstdayofsummerintheNorthernHemisphereandthefirstdayofwinterinthesouthernhemisphere.Daytimelastsexactlyaslongasnighttimeonthefirstdayofautumn(aboutSeptember21)andthefirstdayofspring(aboutMarch21).ThefirstdayofwinterintheNorthernHemisphere,usuallyDecember21,istheshortestdayoftheyearintheNorthernHemisphereandthelongestdayoftheyearintheSouthernHemisphere.Thedaysarelongerinsummerandshorterinwinterthefurtheryoumovefromtheequator.It’sgenerallydarkonasummernightinFloridaby8:30p.m.,butinVermont,therewillstillbesomelightat10:00p.m.Thesituationisreversed(相反的)inwinter,wherethesunwillgodowninVermontby3:45p.m.whilethereremainslightinFloridauntil5:15p.m.NorthernAlaskaiscalledthe“LandoftheMidnightSun”becauseitnevergetsdarkduringthesummermonths.ThatpartoftheEarthisfacingthesunalldayandallnight.Antarcticaneverseesdaylightduringthosemonths.ThesituationisreversedinDecemberandJanuarywhennorthernAlaskaneverseesthesunwhileitcontinuestolighttheskyatnightinAntarctica.11.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.TheEarth’saxisdoesnotexistinreality.B.TheEarth’saxisistiltedabout23.5degrees.C.Theearth’saxisiseast–west.D.ThetiltoftheEarthcausesseasonstotakeplace.12.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,wecanknowthat.A.theSouthernHemisphereistiltedawayfromthesuninJuneB.June21isthelongestdayofayearintheSouthernHemisphereC.December21isthecoldestdayofayearintheNorthernHemisphereD.thereisonlyonedayinayearwhendaytimelastsexactlyaslongasnighttime13.Accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat.A.intheNorthernHemisphere,themorenorthern,thelongerdaytimeinsummerB.intheSouthernHemisphere,themorenorthern,theshorterdaytimeinwinterC.FloridaisfurthertotheequatorthanVermontD.InChina,Changchun’sdaytimeinwinterislongerthanthatofGuangzhou14.NorthernAlaskagetsthename“LandoftheMidnightSun”because________.A.itisalwaysdaytimeduringthesummermonthsB.itislocatedinthecenteroftheEarthC.itislocatedontheequatoroftheEarthD.onlyatmidnightcanpeoplethereseethesun15.IfwewanttomakescienceresearchinAntarctica,wemaychoosethefollowingmonthsEXCEPT_______.A.DecemberB.JanuaryC.FebruaryD.June16.Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.SeasonandspaceB.ThechangeofdaytimeC.LandoftheMidnightSunD.NorthernandSouthernHemisphere(4)AcharacteristicofAmericanculturethathasbecomealmostatraditionis40\ntorespecttheself-mademan--themanwhohasrisentothetopthroughhisownefforts,usuallybeginningbyworkingwithhishands.Whiletheleaderinbusinessorin-dustryorthecollegeprofessoroccupiesahighersocialpositionandcommandsgreaterrespectinthecommunitythanthecom-monlaboreroreventheskilledfactoryworker,hemaytakepainstopointoutthathisfatherstartedlifeinAmericaasafarmerorlaborerofsomesort.Thisattitudetowardmanual(体力的)laborisnowstillseeninmanyaspectsofAmericanlif~Oneisinvitedtodinneratahomethatisnotonlycomfortablybutevenluxuriously(豪华地)furnishedandinwhichthereiseveryevidenceofthefactthatthefamilyhasbeenabletoaffordforeigntravel,expensivehobbies,andcollegeeducationforthechildren;yetthehostessprobablywillcookthedinnerherself,willserveitherselfandwillwashdishesafterward,furthermorethedinnerwillnotconsistmerelyofsomethingquicklyandeasilyassembledfromcontentsofvariouscansandacakeorapieboughtatthenear-bybakery.Onthecontrary,thehostessusuallytakesprideincarefulpreparationofspecialdishes.Aprofessionalmanmaytalkaboutwashingthecar,digginginhisflowerbeds,paintingthehouse.Hiswifemayevenhelpwiththesethings,justasheoftenhelpsherwiththedishwashing.Thesonwhoisawayatcollegemaywaitontableandwashdishesforhisliving,orduringthesummerhemayworkwithaconstructiongangonahighwayinordertopayforhiseducation.1.FromParagraph1,wecanknowthatinAmericaA.peopletendtohaveahighopinionoftheself--mademanB.peoplecanalwaysrisetothetopthroughtheirowneffortsC.collegeprofessorswingreatrespectfromcommonworkersD.peoplefeelpainfultomentiontheirfathersaslaborers2.Accordingtothepassage,thehostesscooksdinnerherselfmainlybecauseA.servantsinAmericaarehardtogetB.shetakesprideinwhatshecandoherselfC.shecanhardlyaffordservantsD.itiseasytoprepareamealwithcannedfood3.Theexpression"waitontable"inthesecondparagraphmeansA.workinafurnitureshopB.keepaccountsforabarC.waittolaythetableD.servecustomersinarestaurant4.Whichofthefollowingmayserveasthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ARespectableSelf--madeFamilyB.AmericanAttitudetowardManualLaborC.CharacteristicsofAmericanCultureD.TheDevelopmentofManualLabo(5)Ifthereisnodifferenceingeneralintelligence(智力)betweenboysandgirls,whatcanexplaingirls'poorperformanceinscienceandmathematics?Itseemstobethattheirtreatmentatschoolisadirectcause.Mathematics40\nandscienceareseenassubjectsmainlyforboys,andtherefore,asgirlsbecometeenagers,theyarelesslikelytotakethem.Interestingly,bothboysandgirlsoftenre-gardthesubjectsforboysasmoredifficult.Yetithasbeensuggestedthatgirlsdonottakemathematicscourses,notbe-causetheyaredifficult,butforsocialreasons.Girlsdonotwanttobeinopencompetitionwithboysbecausetheyareafraidtoappearlessfeminine(女性的)andattractive.However,ifweexaminetheperformanceofboysandgirlswhohavetakenmathematicscourses,therearestillmorehigh-achievingboysthantherearegirls.Thisdifferenceappearstobeworld-wide.Biologicalexplanationshavebeenofferedforthis,butthereareotherexplanationstoo.Perhapsthedifferencewhichcomesoutduringtheteenageyearshasitsrootsinmuchearlierexperiences.Fromtheirfirstdaysinkindergarten,boysareencouragedtoworkontheirownandtocompletetasks.Factsshowthatoutstanding(杰出的)mathematiciansandscientistshavenothadteacherswhosuppliedanswers.Besides,therecanbelittledoubtthatteachersofmathematicsandscienceexpecttheirboystudentstodobetteratthesesubjectsthantheirgirlstudents.Theyevenappeartoencouragethedifferencebetweenboysandgirls.Theyspendmoretimewiththeboystudents,givingthemmoretimetoanswerquestionsandworkinghardertogetcorrectanswersfromthem.Theyaremorelikelytocallonboysforanswersandtoallowthemtotaketheleadinclassroomdiscussion.Theyalsopraiseboysmorefrequently.Allofthisseemstoencourageboystoworkharderinscienceandmathematicsandtogivethemconfidence(信心)thattheyareabletosucceed.Suchawayofteachingisnotlikelytoencouragegirlstotakemanymathematicsandsciencecourses,norisitlikelytosupportgirlswhodo.Whenitcomestothesesubjectsitseemscertainthatschoolwidensthedifferencebetweenboysandgirls.1.Girlsarelikelytothinkthat___________.A.sciencecoursesareforbothboysandgirlsB.sciencecoursesmakethemmorepopularC.sciencecoursesmakethemsuccessfulD.sciencecoursesaredifficultforthem2.Thetextmainlydiscusses______reasonsforthedifferencebetweenboysandgirlsinscientificachievements.A.biologicalB.historicalC.socialD.personal3.Whatareboysusuallyencouragedtodoatschool?A.Togethelpwiththeirhomework.B.Toplaytheleadingroleinclass.C.Toworkwithgirlstudentsinclass.D.Tolearntotakecareofothers.4.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutgreatmathematicians?A.Theirteachersdidnotsupplyanswerstothem.40\nB.Theystartedlearningmathematicsatanearlierage.C.Theyshowedmathematicalabilitiesintheirteenageyears.D.Theirsuccessresultedfromtheirstronginterestinmathematics.5.Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethat______.A.boysandgirlslearninthesamewayB.boysandgirlsareequalingeneralintelligenceC.girlsaremoreconfidentinthemselvesthanbeforeD.girlsshouldtakefewersciencecoursesthanboys(6)ItwasawarmAprildaywhenabigfatenvelopecameinthemailfromtheonlycOllegeIhadeveriiliaginedattending．Itoreopenthepacket．Myeyeswerenxedontheword“congratulations”ldon'tremembereversmilingsoWide．ThenIl00kedatmyfinancial(财政)package.ThecostofDreamSchool’stuition(学费)，roomandboardwasaround(40，000animpossiblesum!HowconldIaffordtoattend?WhatgoodreasonsdidIhavetogotherewhenthreeotherfinecollegeswereofferingmefreetuittion?Myotherchoicesweregood，solidschoolseveniftheyweren'tasfamousasmyfirstchoice．Inmymind，attendingmydreamuniversityWouldbetheonlywaytorealizemydreamofbecomingaworld--classwriter.MyparentsunderstoodhowIfelt.Theytoldmethateventhoughitwouldbeafinancialproblem,IcouldgowhereverIwouldbehappiest.ButasIwasalwayscarefulwithmoney,Iwasn'tsurewhattodo.Oneoftheschoolsthatofferedmeafullridehadaninformationaldinneronenightinthespring.Consideringmyparents'financialdifficulties,Idecidedtodrivethe45minutesandattend.Atfirst,allIhadplannedtodowastosmilepolitely,eatfreefood,listenquietly.ButIsurprisedmyself.Atdinnerthepresidentoftheuniversitytalkedaboutthewonderfulactivitiesoncampus(校园)includingguestlecturesandsocialgatherings.Healsomadeitperfectlyclearthatfreefoodwouldbeofferedatallfutureevents.Hecontinuedwithexplanationsofprofessors,classsizes,activities,andsportingeventsoncampus.Ashespoke,Ibegantorealizethatthisschool,thoughnotasgoodasmyfirstchoice,mightbethebestoneforme.Itseemedsmallyetwithmanygreatprograms.Itseemedchallengingyetcaring.Asthepresidentendedhisspeech,weclappedpolitelyandpushedbackourchairs.AsIwalkedoutofthatdoor,afeelingofcomfortwashedoverme.Lookingatthecampusthatnight,IrealizedthatIwouldbespendingthenextfouryearsrightthere.Inallhonesty,myuniversityisnotaswell--knownasmy"dream"university.However,itturnedouttobetherightchoiceofschoolsforme.1.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenhestartedtoreadtheletter?A.Hewasfullofjoy.40\nB.Hewaslostinhisdream.C.Hewasworriedaboutthemoney.D.Hewasuncertainwhichschooltogoto.2.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethattheparentswere__________.A.honestB.strictC.supportiveD.decisive3.InParagraph5,"offeredmeafullride"canbereplacedby__________.A.wouldpayfortransporttotheschoolB.wouldshowmearoundthecampusC.wouldofferfreemealsatalleventsD.wouldchargemenothingfortuition4.Whatdoestheauthormainlywanttosay?A.Yoursecond-choicecollegemayactuallybeyourbestfit.__________B.Youshouldconsidercomfortinyourchoiceofschools.C.Youshouldtryyourbesttoattendyourdreamschool.D.Yourchoiceofschoolsshouldbebasedontheirfame.(7)CentralParkOutsideamongthetrees,watchthewildlife--boththehumanandanimalvarieties.Call(212)360-3465or(212)360-2726fordailyeventsandtours.CentralParkstretchesfrom59thtoll0th$ts,andfrom5thAve.toCentralParkWest.EmpireStateBuildingThisisamongthemoststrikingbuildingsinthecity.thenation,eventheworld.Theobservationdeck(ffi~[~)onthe86thfloorisopentothegeneralpublic,offeringawonderfulviewofthecity.Onthesecondflooryou'llfindtheNewYorkSkyride,asimulated(模拟的)helicopterrideoverManhattan.5thAve.at34thSt.,Midlown/(212)736-3100.IntrepidSea-Air-SpaceMuseumFiveblockswestofTimeSquare,thismuseumhashundredsofair,deep-seaandspaceexhibits.Walktheflightdeckofthe900-foot-longaircraftcarrierIntrepid,seedozensofoldandmodemaircraftandridetheIntrepidNavyFlightSimulator.Pier86,W.46thSt.'and12thAve./(212)245-0072.MadisonSquareGardenIfit'sbig,itprobablyhappensattheGarden.Checkoutsportingevents,concertsandmuchmore.Toursareavailable.7thAve.,btam.31stand33rdSts.,Midtown/(212)465-6741.1.TheNewYorkSkyrideisfor__________.A.sight-seeingB.flighttrainingC.modelplanesportsD.citytransportation2.Ifavisitorisinterestedinmusic,hewillprobablygoto__________.A.CentralPark40\nB.EmpireStateBuildingC.IntrepidSea-Air-SpaceMuseumD.MadisonSquareGarden3.Whatisthepurposeofthesetexts?A.ToprovideinformationoflivinginNewYork.B.ToprovidedirectionsofcitytrafficinNewYork.C.TogivevisitorsaguidetoNewYork.D.TogiveabriefintroductiontothehistoryofNewYork.命题点3推理判断本类考题解答锦囊推理判断题为重要考点，但历年波动较大，在2-7道小题之间徘徊。要解答这类题考生需在掌握全文意思的前提下把握全篇文脉，理清文章结构，弄清事物发展变化的逻辑关系，根据文中已叙述的事实信息，推断出未知的事实、结论以及作者的观点和态度。推断要符合常理，预测要合乎逻辑。找出的原因应是造成某一结果的根本的、主要的原因，切不可以偏概全，断章取义。如2009全国卷I61，62，64小题；2009全国卷II中42、43、44；2009山东卷的60，61，70等。考查推理、判断等综合类试题的目的是为了拉开考生之间的差距，保证试题有较好的区分度。有时候，文章似乎看懂了，但却答错了试题，关键原因在于没有真正把握作者的写作意图与写作态度。较高层次的理解题往往会把某些事情的发展留给读者去进行合理地推断。每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。1．细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。2．分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。3．注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。4．根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾向等几种类型。1．数据事实推断40\n：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。例题：HousepricesinEnglandincreasedsharplybetween1971and1972.ThefollowingrecordshowmuchahouseinChelseaLondon,hadriseninpricesince1955:TakeNo.29SmithTerraceforexample.In1955,JaneGreysoldfor￡2,000.MrsBowenaBlackboughtitfor￡4,900andsolditnineyearslatertoBillandDreenWhitefor￡22,950.Nowfouryearslater.1.Thepriceofthehousewas______ashighin1972asintheyearJaneGreysoldit.A.about10timesB.twiceC.150percentD.fifteentimes2.MrsBowenaBlackmadeaprofit(获利)ofA.￡18000B.￡2900C.￡7000D.￡80003.Ofallthetenants(住户)whoearnedmost?A.TheWhitesB.JaneGreyC.MrsBlackD.MrWhite4.JaneGreylivedinNo.29SmithTerraceA.forfouryearsB.fornineyearsC.before1955D.between1971and19725.In1972,thehouseisvaluedat_______.A.￡2000B.￡30000C.￡4900D.￡259502．常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。例:Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.Ifmetalisheatedandthencooledveryquicky,forexamplebydippingitinwater,itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle(脆)--thatis,itwillbreakeasily.Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasiswished,byannealingit.Themetalisheated,andallowedtocoolslowlyforacertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakestocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobeusedonothermaterials,suchasglass.Whydopeopleputhotmetalinwater?A.Tomakeithard.B.Tomakeitsoft.C.Tomakeitcool.B.Tomakeitbrittl3．逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。例Haveyoueverheardofasportcalledtubing?Hundredsofpeoplefloatdown40\narushingriveratonceinoldtruck-tiretubes.Sometimesmanyholdhands.Atfirsttherideisbumpyandfrightful,forthenarrowriverrushesswiftly.Thentheriverwidensandgrowscalm.Nevertrytubingaloneorinrapids,however.Thestorysuggeststhattubing________.A.shouldnotbedoneinmovingwaterB.isdonemainlybytruckdriversC.costsalotofmoneyD.canbedangerous4．推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。例:Somepeopleareneverright.Theyneverhavegoodluck.Theyusuallydothewrongthingandsaythewrongthing.AndevenifwhattheysayordoisOK,theyasarulesayitordoitatthewrongtime.Sothesepeoplealwayshaveproblems.Theyoftenbreakdishes.Theysometimesmissbusesandairplanes.MrNeffisdifferent.Heisalwaysright.Heisneverwrong.Heusuallyhasgoodluck.Heseldomhasproblems.Heneverbreaksdishes.Henevermissesbusesorairplanes.Evenifhedoesmissthem?itisalways'thefaultofthebusesortheairplanes.MrNeffknowsalmosteverything.Hedoesn'taskquestions?heanswersquestions.Heneversays,"Idon'tknow."Idon'tknowMmNeff.Itseemsthatnotmanypeopleknowher.Isometimeswonderabouther.Isshealwaysright?Ormaybesheisalwayswrong?Dcessheoftenbreakdishesormissbuses?Doesshehaveproblems?Iwonder.1)Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkgivesthemostimportanttrait(特性)ofMrNeffscharacter?A.Heisaverywiseman.B.Heplanseverythingwell.C.Heismoralandupright.D.Heisverysatisfiedwithhimself.2)WhichofthefollowingdoyouguessistrueofMrsNeff?A.Sheprobablyobeysherhusbandineverything.B.Sheprobablyfeelsveryproudtobeahelpofherhusband.C.Sheprobablyquarrelswithherhusbandallthetime.D.Sheprobablyfeelsveryhappytohavesuchasuccessfulhusband.3)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewriter'sattitudetowardsMrNeff?A.HefindsMrNeffhardtounderstand.B.HethinksMrNeffwonderful.C.HefeelspityforMrNeff.D.HedoesnotlikeMrNeff.40\n在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：1.Wecaninferfromthepassage(paragraph,fact,example...)that_______.2.Thewritersuggeststhat_______.3.Fromthepassage(paragraph,story...),wecantell_______.4.Thepassageimplies,butdoesnotdirectlystatethat_______.5.Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat_______.6.Thewriter's(author's)attitudetowardis_______.7.Thetoneofthepassageis_______.Ⅰ高考最新热门题Passage1TristandaCunha,a38-square-mileisand,isthefarthestinhabitedislandintheworld,accordingtotheGuinnessBookofRecords.Itis1,510mileswestofitsnearestneighour,ST.Helena,and1,950mileswestofAfrica.Discov-eredbythePortugueseadmiral(葡萄牙海军上将)ofthesamenameinsettledin1810,theisandbelongstoGreatBritainandhasapopulationoffewhundred.Cominginaclosesecond--andoftenwronglymentionedasthemostdistantland--isEasterIsland,whichlies1,260mileseastofitsnearestneighbor,PitcairnIsland,and2,300mileswestofSouthAmerica.Themountainous64-square-mileislandwassettledaroundther5thcentury,supposedlybypeoplewhowerelostatsea.Theyhadnoconnectionwiththeoutsideworldformorethanathousandyears,givingthemplentyoftimetobuildmorethan1,000hugestonefigures,calledmoai,forwhichtheislandismostfamous.OnEasterSunday,1722,however,settlersfromHollandmovedinandgavetheislanditsname.today,2,000peopleliveontheChileanterritory(智利领土).Theyshareonestreet,asmallairport,andafewhoursoftelevisionperday.1.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheislandoftristandaCunha_______.A.wasnamedafteritsdiscovererB.gotitsnamefromHollandsettlersC.wasnamedbytheBritishgovenmentD.gotitsnamefromtheGuinnessBookofRecords2.Wichofthefollowingismostfamousformoai?A.TristandaCunha.B.PitcairnIslandC.EasterIsland.D.St.Helena.3.WhichcountrydoesEasterIslandbelongto?A.Britain.B.Hollland.C.Portugal.D.ChilePassage2GarmeswillrocktothesoundofacancandancethisyearwhenMoulinRougebytheAustraliandirectorBazLuhnnannopenstheFrenchfilmfestival(电影节)inMay.ThemusicalstarsNicoleKidmanasasinger,andJohnLeguizamoastheartistHenrideToulouse-Lautrec.ItwillbecompetingforthePaimed'Or,thefestival'stopprize.ThefestivalrunstoMay21.40\nTheAmericanactorTommyLeeJones,54,hasmarriedhislongtimegirlfriend.DawnMariaLaurel,36,inaprivateweddinginSanAntonio."Itwasn'tabigtodo,'saidFredBiery,aU.S.DistrictJudgewhoperformedtheservice.Herefusedtodiscussthingsfurther."Theseareveryprivatepeople,"hesaid.LorettaLynnisbeingtreatedforaverybadcoldinTennesseeandwillmissseveralappearances.Thecountrysinger,65,wasadmittedtoahospitalnearherhomeinHurricaneMills."Sheisingoodcondition,butthedoctorsarewatchingherclosely,"aspokeswomansaid.TheFrench-AlgeriansingerEnricoMaciaswasnamedaUnitedNationspeacemessenger.Enricojoinseightotherpeoplewhoactasgoodwillenvoys(使者)fortheUnitedNations,amongthemarethewriterElieWieselandthebasketballplayerMagicJohnson.1.WecanlearnfromthetextthatHenrideToulouse-Lautrecis_______.A.afigureinafilmB.adancerinashowC.acountrysingerD.aprizewinner2.Weknowfromthetextthat_______.A.MoulinRougewonthetopprizeinafilmfestivalB.LorettaLynnisunderthedoctors'careD.eightpeopleserveastheUNgoodwillenvoysD.FredBierywasTommyLeeJones'sassistant3.Thistextmostprobablyappearsin_______.A.abookonfilmstarsB.afilmreviewinamagazineC.anewspaperD.anoticePassage3GivingBackFairWayTheWestboroughHighSchoolgolfteamhadtakentheof-ficialphotoswiththestateprize.Theotherteams,disappoint-ed,wereonthebusheadinghome.AndthenWestboroughin-structorGregRotanoticedsomethingwrongononeofthescorecards.A9hadbeenrecordedasa7.Theywerenotthestateprizewinner;WoburnHighhadwon."Noonewouldhaveknown,"saidWoburn'sinstructor,BobDoraruForRota,itwasn'tadifficultdecision."Theprizewasn'tourstotake.'"CoinStars""Collegestudentsarelazy,buttheyalsowanttohelp"saysUniversityofPennsylvaniagraduateDanaHork.Soshemadeiteasy,placingcupsinroomswherestudentscouldleavetheirsparecoins,andhandingoutcupstofirst-yearstudentstokeepintheirrooms.Her"ChangeforChange"efforthascollected$40,000forcharities(慈善机构),whichweredecideduponbystudents.NeverForgottenAschoolinMassachusettsreceiveda$9.5millioncheckfromJacquesLeBermuthButittookofficialsseveraldaysofdiggingtodiscoverhis40\nconnectiontotheschoolRecordsshowedtheLeBermuthcamefromBelgiumandstudiedintheschoolinthe1920s.Whenhisfamilyfellonhardtimes,hewasofferedfreeroomandboard.LeBermuthbecameatrader,ownedsharesofAT&Tandlivedofftheearningsuntilhedied,atage89.1.WhatdidGregRotaprobablydointheend?A.TookphotosofDoran.B.HadameetingwithDoran.C.Returnedtheprizetotheorganizer.D.ApologizedtoWoburnHighSchook2.GregRota'sdecisionshowsthathewas_______.A.honestB.politeC.carefulD.friendly3.Theunderlinedword"Change"inthesecondparagraphmeans_______.A.IdeaB.DecisionC.CupsD.Coins4.WhatdidtheschoolofficialsdoafterreceivingthecheckfromMr.LeBermuth?ATheytriedtofindoutwhyhegavethemthemoney.B.TheywenttoBelgiumtopaytheirrespectstohim.C.Theydugouttherecordsthatwereburiedunderground.D.Theydecidedtooffertheirstudentsfreeroomandboard.5.JacquesLBermuthgavethemoneytotheschoolbecause_______.A.theschoolaskedforitB.hehadnoneedforthatmuchmoneyC.theschoolhadhelpedhiminthepastD.hewantedtoberememberedbythestudentsPassage4ItwasanearlySeptemberday,coolandbrightandjustrightforrunning,andIwasinthefirstfewmilesofa10-mileraceoveracourse(路线)withafewhighhills.Still,Ifeltenergetic;despitethehillsitwasgoingtobeafinerun.JustaheadofmewasPeggyMimno,ateacherfromMountKisco,NewYork.Shetoowasrunningeasily,movingalongatmyspeed.Thepace(步速)feltcomfortable,so1decidedtostaywhereIwas;whypayattentiontopacewhenshewassettingsuchaniceone?I'dovertake(追上)herlateronwhenshetired.SoIranbehindher.Thecourseheadednorthforfivemiles,wanderedwestforahillymile,thenturnedsouthagainalongawindingroad.Theracewasgettingharder.Wehadfourmilesleftandalreadyitwasbeginningtoberealwork.Peggyovertookayoungrunner.Sheseemedtoknowhim,fortheyexchangedafewcheerfulwordsasshepassedhim.Theirexchangeworriedme.Youdon'tchatduringaraceunlessyouarefeelinggood,andPeggyplainlywas.Still,Iwascloseenoughtoovertakeherifshetired,soIdidn'tgiveuphopecompletely.Weweregettingnearertoalongpunishinghillnowanditwouldbethetest.Wewereamilefromthefinishline,sowhateverhappenedon40\nthehillwouldalmostcertainlydeterminewhocrosseditfirst.AsImovedupthehill,myattentionwanderedforafewminutes.WhenIlookedup,Peggywasmovingaway--firstfiveyards,thenten,thenmore.Finallyitwasclearthattherewasnohopeofcatchingher.Shebeatmesoundly.Thereisanimportantlessoninthatrace.Womenarethoughttobeweaker,slowerandnotnearlyasskilledinsport.YetasPeggyMimnosoclearlyshowed,thesimilaritiesbetweenmenandwomenrunnersaremoreimportantthanthedifferences.Ihaverunwithanumberofwomen,andIcansaythatitisoftenhardwork.1.Whatdidthewriterthinkoftheraceinthebeginning?A.Itwouldbehardwork.C.Itwouldbeaneasyrace.C.Itwouldbeatestofhisstrength.D.Itwouldbeagoodlearningexperience.2.WhatworriedthewriterwhenPeggygreetedtheyoungrunner?A.Peggyovertooktheyoungrunner.B.Peggywasrunningenergetically.C.Peggywaslaughingatthewriter.D.Peggypaidnoattentiontothewriter.3.Bysaying"along,punishinghill"(Paragraph5),thewriterimpliesthat_______.A.PeggywouldfailtoreachthehilltopB.menaremoreskilledatclimbinghillsC.overtakingPeggywouldbeeasyD.climbingthehillwouldbeademandingtask4.Whatlessondoesthewriterlearnfromtherace?A.Womenareasgoodasmeninsport.B.Womenarebetteratclimbinghills.C.Heshouldhavemoretraininginacross-countryrace.D.Heshouldsetaquickerpaceatthebeginningofarace.Passage5Desertsarefoundwherethereislittlerainfallorwhererainforawholeyearfallsinonlyafewweeks'time.Teninchesofrainmaybeenoughformanyplantstosurvive(存活)iftherainisspreadthroughouttheyear.Ifitfallswithinoneortwomonthsandtherestoftheyearisdry,thoseplantsmaydieandadesertmayform.Sandbeginsastinypiecesofrockthatgetsmallerandsmalleraswindandweatherwearthemdown.Sanddunes(沙丘)areformedaswindsmovethesandacrossthedesert.Bitbybit,thedunesgrowovertheyears,alwaysmovingwiththewindsandchangingtheshape.Mostofthemareonlyafewfeettall,buttheycangrowtobeseveralhundredfeethigh.Thereis,however,muchmoretoadesertthansand.InthedesertsofthesouthwesternUnitedStates,cliffs(悬崖)anddeepvalleyswereformedfromthickmudthatoncelaybeneathaseamorethanmillionsofyearsago.Overthe40\ncenturies,thewaterdriedup.Wind,sand,rain,heatandcoldallworeawayattheremainingrocks.Thefacesofthedesertmountainsarealwayschanging--very,veryslowly--astheseforcesofnaturecontinuetoworkontherock.Mostdesertshaveasurprisingvarietyoflife.Thereareplants,animalsandinsectsthathaveadaptedtolifeinthedeserr.Duringtheheatoftheday,avisitormayseeveryfewsignsoflivingthings,butastheairbeginstocoolintheevening,thedesertcomestolife.Asthesunbeginstoriseagaininthesky,thedesertonceagainbecomesquietandlonely.1.Manyplantsmaysurviveindesertswhen_______.A.therainisspreadoutinayearB.therainfallsonlyinafewweeksC.thereislittleraininayearD.itisdryalltheyearround.2.Sanddunesareformedwhen_______.A.sandpilesupgraduallyB.thereisplentyofraininayearC.theseahasdriedupovertheyearsD.piecesofrockgetsmaller3.Theunderlinedsentenceinthethirdparagraphprobablymeansthatinadesertthereis_______.A.toomuchsandB.moresandthanbeforeC.nothingexceptsandD.somethingelsebesidessand4.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatinadesert_______.A.thereisnorainfallthroughouttheyearB.lifeexistsinroughconditionsC.allsanddunesareafewfeethighD.rocksarewornawayonlybywindandheatPassage6Doyouwanttoliveanother100yearsormore?Someexpertssaythatscientificadvanceswillonedayenablehumanstolasttensofyearsbeyondwhatisnowseenasthenaturallimitofthehumanlifespan."Ithinkweareknockingatthedoorofimmortality(永生),'saidMichaelZey,aMontclairStateUniversitybusinessprofessorandauthoroftwobooksonthefuture."Ithinkby2075wewillseeitandthat'saconservativeestimate(保守的估计)."AttheconferenceinSanFrancisco,DonaldLouria,aprofessoratNewJerseyMedicalSchoolinNewarksaidadvancesinusinggenesaswellasnanotechnology(纳米技术)makeitlikelythathumanswillliveinthefuturebeyondwhathasbeenpossibleinthepast."Thereisagreatpushsothatpeoplecanlivefrom120to180years,"hesaid."Somehavesuggestedthatthereisnolimitandthatpeoplecouldliveto200or300or500years.'40\nHowever,manyscientistswhospecializeinageingaredoubtfulaboutitandsaythehumanbodyisjustnotdesignedtolastabout120years.Evenwithhealthierlifestylesandlessdisease,theysayfailureofthebrainandorganswillfinallyleadallhumanstodeath.Scientistsalsodifferonwhatkindoflifethesuperagedmightlive."Itremainstobeseenifyoupass120,youknow;couldyoubehealthyenoughtohavegoodqualityoflife?"saidLeonardPeon,directoroftheUniversityofGeorgiaGerontologyCentre"AtpresentpeoplewhocouldgettothatpointarenotingoodhealthatalL'1.Bysaying"weareknockingatthedoorofimmortality",MichaelZeymeans_______.A.theybelievethatthereisnolimitoflivingB.theyaresuretofindthetruthaboutlonglivingC.theyhavegotsomeideasaboutlivingforeverD.theyareabletomakepeoplelivepastthepresentlifespan2.DonaldLouria'sattitudetowardlonglivingisthatA.peoplecanlivefrom120to180B.itisstilldoubtfulhowlonghumanscanliveC.thehumanbodyisdesignedtolastabout120yearsD.itispossibleforhumanstolivelongerinthefuture3.Theunderlined"it'(Paragraph4)refersto_______.A.agreatpushB.theideaoflivingbeyondthepresentlifespanC.theideaoflivingfrom200to300yearsD.theconservativeestimate4.Whatwouldbethebesttideforthistext?A.LivingLongerorNotB.Science,TechnologyandLongLivingC.NoLimitforHumanLifeD.HealthyLifestyleandLongLivingPassage7Whoisthereamonguswhohasn'tdreamedofhavinghisorherownsmall(maybe,severalyearslater,evenbig)business,andhavingwonderfulfreedom,bothfromabossandfromthetimeclock:thefreedomtomakeupourownrulesforourwork,andourownplans--arrangingourownhoursofwork?Thatwayworkwouldbebothpainlessandfun.Or,soweimagine.Well,infactitisn'tquiteassimpleasthat.Yes,itistruethatbeingthebosshasitssatisfactionsandthatyoucanarrangeyourworkinghoursfreelyifyouownyourownsmallbusiness.Butinthoseearlyyearsofstartingyourownbusiness,youshouldn'tthinkofafreeday,nottomentionflyingoffforamonth'svacation.Itisnotunusualfornewbusinessownerstoworkseventyoreightyhoursaweek,andifthereisadayoff,thatdaymightneedtobedevotedtoaccounting(算账).Butthisnegativepicturedoesn'tdestroythebeautifulhopes.The40\npossibilityofgettingsomethingwonderfulinreturn--bothmaterialandmental--continuestodrivethatlargenumberofpeoplewhostartupsmallbusinesseseachyearintheUnitedStates.1.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthateverybedybopes_______.A.toruleothersB.tobehisorherownbossC.togetatimeclockD.tobefreefromwork2.Mostnewbusinessownershaveto_______.A.workmorethan10hoursadayB.devotehimselftoaccountingC.flytosomeplacesintheworldD.haveadayoffinaweek3.Theexpression"negativepicture"nxetprobablymeans_______.A.aterribleexperienceB.apoorpictureC.limitedfreedomD.unpleasantsituations4.Thebeautifulhopeswillneverbedestroyedbecause_______.A.peoplelovebeautifulthingsbynatureB.peoplehaveastrongdesiretoseekpersonalgainsC.smallbusinessesmakebigmoneyeachyearintheUSD.smallbusinesseshaveadvantagesoverbigcompanies命题点4猜测词义猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。一、题型特点与命题方式此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。【命题趋势】1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式】Theunderlinedword“…”inthesecond(third…)paragraphrefersto(means)______.Bysaying“…”inthefirst(second…)paragraph,theauthormeansthat______.40\nInparagraph…,“…”canbereplacedby“______”.Themeaningof“…”inparagraph…isrelatedto______.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto…(paragraph…)?Theunderlinedsentenceinthe…paragraphprobablymeansthat_____.二、解题思路与应试技巧做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.句子给予annealing以明确的定义，即“退火”。Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.从后面thatis(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。【考例】（2009福建卷，E篇）73.Theunderlinedwords“tippingpoints”mostprobablyreferto“_______”.A.freezingpointsB.burningpointsC.meltingpointsD.boilingpoints【解析】C。请看原文：Inhisbook,hehadchallengedreaderstomakedeepcutsinpersonalemissionstokeeptheworldfromreachingextremelyimportanttippingpoints,suchasthemelting融化）oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica.根据后一句的suchasthemelting（融化）oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica.可知tippingpoints的意思是“融点”。（2007山东卷，C篇）65.Theunderlinedword“daunting”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans__________.A.discouragingB.interestingC.creativeD.unbearable【解析】A。请看文章第一段：WhenAndreaPetersonlandedherfirstteachingjob,shefacedthedauntingtaskofcreatingamusicprogramwithalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsuppliesinaclimatewherestandards-basedlearningwasthefocusandmusicjustprovidedabreakforstudentsandteachers.由后半句的解释“…withalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsupplies…”可知此项任务不可能是“interesting”或“creative”，而她的教学工作也与“unbearable”无关，故A项正确。2、根据同位关系进行猜测阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8a.m.—thisweek.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。The“Chunnel”,atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.此句中atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The“Chunnel”40\n就是英法之间的海底隧道。【考例】（2004上海卷，C篇）82.Theword“favouritism”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat________.A.brightchildrenalsoneedcertificatesgogetsatisfyingjobs.B.childrenfromwell-respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjobsC.poorchildrenwithcertificatesarefavouredinjobmarketsD.childrenattendingordinaryschoolsachievegreatsuccess【解析】B。请看原文：Withoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem—aformoffavourtismwillreplaceequality.破折号后的句子是对前面进行解释说明的，二者是同位关系，因此要猜测favourtism的意思可从前面句子的意思入手。答案为B。3、根据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行猜测在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,”Anacleriosaid,“andthey’reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active（活动的，活跃的）而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility意思是“可能性”。【考例】2008全国卷I，B篇）62.Theunderlinedword“fixture”inParagraph3probablyreferstosomething______.A.thatpeopleenjoyeatingB.thatisalwayspresentC.thatisdifficulttogetD.thatpeopleuseasagift【解析】B。请看文章原句：Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater.从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外根据构词知识可知，该词的词根是fix，含有“固定”之意。4、根据因果关系进行猜测在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。Thelowtestscore,theythink,willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigiousuniversity,theyfearthatmanyoflife’sdoorswillremainforeverclosed.”学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知Aprestigiousuniversity应是afamousuniversity（名校）。【考例】(2009北京卷，C篇)66.Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphprobablymeansthat______.40\nA.theproblemisnotapproachedstepbystepB.theresearcherssofarhavefaultsinthemselvesC.theproblemistoodifficultforresearcherstodetectD.researchinthisareaisnotenoughtomakegeneralizedpatterns【解析】D。句意猜测题。由前面一句“Wehaveaverylimitednumberofstudies”可知，由于研究的对象非常有限，所以对于房间设计影响人们的工作和情绪这一现象只是“管中窥豹”，局限性太强。紧跟后面一句“Howdoyoutakeanswerstoveryspecificquestionsandmakebroad,generalizeduseofthem?”做了进一步说明，房间设计影响居住者工作和情绪这一理论正确与否还有待进一步验证。(2009安徽卷，B篇)60.Thewords“boatsonland”underlinedinParagraph2referto__A.animalsfortakinggoodsB.creaturesforpullingplowsC.treasuresofthefolkcultureD.toolsinthefarmingeconomy【解析】A。请看原文：Ofcourse,thegoodofoxenisnotlimitedtoplowing.Infact,theyareseenas“boatsonland”fortheirabilitytocarryloads.由划线词后原因的解释fortheirabilitytocarryloads可以很轻松的得到结果：牛被看做“陆地之舟”，是一种运输货物的动物。5、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测文章中的代词it,that,this,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：LikeSchmid,theeditorsofseveralself-publishedartmagazinesalsochampion(捍卫)foundphotographs.Oneofthem,calledsimplyFound,wasbornonesnowynightinChicago,whenDavyRothbardreturnedtohiscartofindunderhiswiper(雨刷)anangrynoteintendedforsomeoneelse:“Why’syourcarHEREatHERplace?”them指的是前面出现的self-publishedartmagazines。However,thequestionthat“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.it指的是月球人(moonpeople)所问的问题（thequestion）。【考例】(2009四川卷，E篇)58.Theunderlinedword“it”inthesecondparagraphrefersto“______”.A.theenergybenefitB.theforestlossC.climatechangeD.burningethanol【解析】A。请看原文：Finally,overmanyyears,theenergybenefitfromburningethanolwouldmakeupfortheforestloss.Butbythen,climatechangewouldhaveprogressedsofarthatitmightnothelp.燃烧乙醇带来的能源方面的好处可能会弥补失去森林的损失，但是到那时，气候的变化已经太大，“这”也于事无补了。由此判断，it指前面提到的theenergybenefit。(2009安徽卷，E篇)73.Whatdoestheword“this”underlinedinthethirdparagraphreferto?A.Wewilllosemuchmorethanwecangain.B.Humanshavebegundestroyingrainforests.C.Peoplehaveastrongdesireforresources.D.Muchcarbondioxidecomesfromburningrainforests.【解析】A。this指代前文提到的“butwewillsuffermuchmorethanwewillbenefit”，意思是“砍伐森林带来短期利益，但是从长远来看，我们遭受的损失远大于获得的利益”。因此选择A项。(2009浙江卷，A篇)42.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“hergift”(Paragraph2)referto?40\nA.Herwords.B.Hersmile.C.Herflowers.D.Herpoliteness.【解析】B。请看原文：Shesmiled.Itwasanicesmile—warmandreassuring—andIretunedhergiftbysmilingback.从前句话中可以知道hergift指的是“smile”。6、根据同义关系进行猜测当词或短语之间有并列连词and或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使……陷入危险，危及、危害”。Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.句中detrimental是个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。【考例】（2009重庆卷，B篇）62.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“distractions”probablyreferto?A.Waysthathelponetofocus.B.Wordsthathelponetofeellesstense.C.Activitiesthatturnone’sattentionaway.D.Habitsthatmakeithardforonetorelax.【解析】C。请看原文：Whenthingsaregettinghard,avoiceinsidemyheadtellsmethatIcan’tachievesomething.Then,thereareotherdistractions,suchasfamilyorhobbies.由前面的other可知distractions是与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，结合上下文可知答案为C。（2009天津卷，A篇）37.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“diehard”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Changesuddenly.B.Changesignificantly.C.Disappearmysteriously.D.Disappearveryslowly.【解析】D。请看原文：Frequentlyithappensthataplacehastwonames:Oneisnamedbythepeopleandtheotherbythegovernment.Asinmanyareas,oldhabitsdiedhard,andtheplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost.根据下文“theplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost”可知前后是同义关系，diehard意思是“顽固”，同D项意义接近。7、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词，如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。【考例】（2009陕西卷，C篇）50.Thephrase“holdwater”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans“_______”.A.tobebelievableB.tobevaluableC.tobeadmirableD.tobesuitable40\n【解析】A。请看文章原句：Eventhoughsciencecantellusthatsomeofourtraditionalbeliefsdon’tholdwater,thereisstillalotoftruthintheoldwives’tales文章中本句意思是：即使科学能告诉我们一些传统的想法是经不起检验的，但“老人言”中还有很多正确的东西。根据前后转折的意思可知，holdwater在此处意思是：经得起检验的，值得相信的。(2008江苏卷，A篇)56.Theunderlinedword“ally”inPara.3mostlikelymeanssomebodyorsomethingthatis______.A.yourslaveandservesyouB.yoursupporterandhelpsyouC.underyourcontrolandobeysyouD.underyourinfluenceandfollowsyou【解析】B。请看原文：Wecanallowtimetoslipbyandletitbeourenemy.Orwecantakecontrolofitandmakeitourally.前一句说“我们可以让时间流逝或让它成为我们的敌人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我们可以控制时间，让时间成为我们的朋友来支持我们。8、通过上下文理解猜测词义通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。【考例】（2009重庆卷，A篇）59.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“antics”referto?A.Smartwords.B.Unusualactions.C.SurprisingLooks.D.Anxiousfeelings.【解析】B。由上文sherushedin,seizedthephone,toreoffthewires,andshoutedatthephone…Andshesweptitintothewastebasket.以及Shesteppedtothedoorwayandshoutedattherestofthehouse,“Nowhearthis!Allobjectsinthisroom—ifyoudoanythingtoupsetmyhusband,outyougo!”可知，作者的妻子听到作者的吼叫声后，做了一些古怪的事情，如将电话机扔进垃圾箱、对着屋子里的东西喊话等。而正是她的这些古怪的行为让作者突然意识到了自己的失控。由上文这些信息可推知“antics”指的是Unusualactions。巩固练习：（1）AnadvertisementisjustlikeaSomebodyElsesaysquotation(引语)inanewsstory.Thenewspaperdoesnotsaythatwhattheadvertisersaysistrue.Allthenewspapersaysis,“Thisiswhattheadvertisersays.”Tofindoutwhetheritistrueornotwillbelefttothereader.Allthestatementsintheadsaretheadvertiser’sstatements,notthepaper’s.Q:Whatdoes“SomebodyElse”intheparagraphreferto?A.Theeditorofthepaper.B.Thereaderofthepaper.C.Theauthorofthepassage.D.Theadvertiseroftheads.（2）Emmahadneverreadit,norhadsheeverpurchasedacopy.But,whensheopeneditup,shewasflooredtoseeherownnameandaddressinsidethecover,inherownhandwriting.Itturnedoutthatthesummerbefore,ataconcertbackinMontreal,EmmahadmetaCalifornianwhowasintownvisitingfriends.Theydecidedtoexchangeaddresses,butneitherofthemhadanypaper.ThemanhadopenedupabookhewascarryinginhisbackpackandaskedEmmatowritehernameandaddressinside.WhenhereturnedtoCalifornia,heleftthebookbehindinMontreal,andhisfriendAlexkeptit.WhenAlexlaterrelocatedtoJerusalem,hetookthenow-treasuredbookalong.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“floored”intheparagraphmean?A.interestedB.shockedC.frightenedD.excited（3）40\nOxygenisvitaltolife;itisneededbythebodycellsofallanimals.Itisalsoveryusefulinindustry.ThemethodPriestleyusedproducesonlysmallquantities.Thelargeamountsneededforindustryareproducedinadifferentway.Airisputintocontainersundergreatpressure.Thisturnsitintoliquidandmakesitverycold.Itisthengraduallywarmedupandeachsubstanceevaporatesatadifferenttemperature.Theboilingpointofoxygenis-183°C.Itiscaughtandstoredinstrongsteelcylindersatapressureof136atmospheres.Theprocessisknownasfractionaldistillation.Q:Whichwordhastheroughmeaningof“vital”?A.importantB.usefulC.helpfulD.interesting（4）Thesedifferentkindsoflearningdisabilitiesareknownbydifferentnames.Forexample,apersonwhohasdifficultyreadingmayhavedyslexia.Someonewhocannotdomathematicsmayhaveadisordercalleddyscalculia(计算困难).Q:Theunderlinedword“dyslexia”intheparagraphprobablymeans_______.A.difficultyinseeingB.probleminreadingC.troubleinlisteningD.braindisorder（5）Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymeanintheparagraph?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests（6）Andifyou’vegatheredyourfriendsaroundyoutorebuildahappyfamilyatmosphere(气氛),youmayfearthatsayingnowillbringbackthekindofconflictyougrewupwith—ordestroytheniceatmosphereyounowenjoy.Q:Theunderlinedword“conflict”intheparagraphmeans.A.dependentlifeB.fiercefightC.badmannersD.painfulfeeling（7）“Sheisashamedandembarrassedbutdoesn’treallyhaveanyexplanationwhyshedidthis,”MissDuffsaid.“Shedidn’tintendtostealwhenshewentintothestore.Sheisatalosstoexplainit.Sheisotherwiseaveryrespectableandintelligentyounglady.Shewenttoherdoctorandaskedforadvicebecauseshewantstoknowifthereisanythinginparticularthatcausedhertodothis.”Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Sheisatalosstoexplainit”mean?A.Inheropinionitwasalosstotheclothesshopswhereshestolethings.B.Shedoesn’thaveanyideawhyshehasthedesiretostealfromshops.C.Shethinksitisalossforhertoexplainwhyshestolethingsfromshops.D.Personallyshefeelsashamedandembarrassedforhershopliftingactions.（8）Oneofthebest-knownsayingsmustbe“Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwisdom”.Thepromisesofhealth,wealth,andwisdomtothosewhojointheteamsofearlyretireesandrisesmustbeparticularlypleasingtomanypeopleinourmodernsociety.Q:Theunderlinedword“retiree”hererefersto_________.40\nA.peoplewhogiveuptheirworkB.peoplewhohavealotoffreetimeC.peoplewhogotobedD.peoplewholiveinaquietplace（9）Thereasonsforavisittolighthousearenotallsobackward-looking(思想过时的)intime.Itistruethatlighthouseswerebuiltinout-of-the-wayplaces.Butonapleasantsunnysummerday,thisveryisolationhasanaturalbeautythatmanypeoplewilllovetoexperience.Q:Theunderlinedphrase“out-of-the-way”probablymeans__________.A.far-awayB.dangerousC.ancientD.secretⅠ高考最新热门题Passage1T-shirtsout;uniformsinSchooluniformsarebecomingmoreandmorepopularacrosstheU.S.A.That'snosurprise,becausetheyoffermanybenefits.Theyimmediatelyendthepowerfulsocialsortingandlabeling(标记)thatcomefromclothing.Ifallstudentsaredressedinthesameway,theywillnotpaytoomuchattentiontotheirclothing,andsomeofthemwillnotbelaughedatforwearingthe"wrong'clothes.Somepeopleareagainstthestrictruleofschooluniforms,buttheydonotrealizethatstudentsalreadyacceptakindofrule--wantingtolookjustliketheirfriends.Thedifferenceisthattheclothingstudentschooseforthemselvescreatessocialbarriers;schooluniformstearthosebarriersdown.Asinotherplaces,uniformsremindthewearersoftheirpurposeandduties.Forexample,whenamanorwomanputsonapoliceuniform,heorshebecomes,foratime,thesymbol(象征)oftawandorder.Theuniformmeanstothewearerhisorherspecialdutiesandsendsthesamemessagetoeveryonethewearermeets.Peoplewithdifferentjobswearuniformsofonekindoranother.Forstudents,theschooluniformremindsthemthattheirtaskforthesixorsevenhourstheyareinschoolistogetaneducation.Someparentsareunhappyaboutuniforms,sayingthatschooluniformswillaffecttheirchildren's"creativity".First,asnotedabove,theclothesstudentschoosetoweardonotnecessarilyexpresstheirindividuality(个性).Theyjustcopytheirclassmates.Second,studentshavetherestofthedaytobeascreativeastheylike.Whilethey'reinschool,theirjobistomasterreading,writing,andmath;thisshouldtakeupallthecreativitytheyhave.Masteryofthoseskillswillbegoodforthestudentstobuilduptheircreativityineveryway.1.InParagraph1,theword"benefits"probablymeans________.A.tasksB.messagesC.differencesD.advantages2.Fromthepassagewelearnthatuniformsingeneral________.A.preventthewearersfrombeinglaughedatB.helpthewearerskeeptheirdutiesinmindC.areseenasasymbolofpowerD.helptocreatesocialbarriers3.Somepeopleareagainstschooluniformsbecause________.A.theyfailtorealizethatstudentshaveacceptedtheuniformsB.theybelievethatuniformswillmakestudentslesscreativeC.theydon'tagreethatuniformscanremovesocialbarriers40\nD.theythinkthatschooluniformsaretoopopular4.TheauthorwouldprobablyagreethatA.itmakesnodifferencewhethertowearschooluniformsornotB.students'individualitymaynotcomefromschooleducationC.students'creativityisrelatedto'theclothestheychooseD.schooluniformshelptocreateequalityamongstudentsPassage2Thesedaysagreenbuildingmeansmorethanjustthecolorofthepaint.Greenbuildingcanalsorefertoenvironmentallyfriendlyhouses,factories,andoffices.Greenbuildingmeans"reducingtheimpact(影响)ofthebuildingontheland"TarynHolowkaoftheU.SGreenBuildingCouncilinWashington,D.C.said.AccordingtoHolowka,buildingsaccountfor(占了)65percentoftotalU.$.electricityuse.Butgreenbuildingscanreduceenergyandwateruse.Also,thebuildingsareoftenlocatednearpublictransportationsuchasbusesandsubways,sothatpeoplecandrivetheircarsless.Thatcouldbegoodfortheenvironment,becauseearsuselotsofgasandgiveoffpollution.Greenbuildingsareoftenbuiltondevelopedland,sothatthebuildingsdon'tdestroyforests.MartyDettlingistheprojectmanagerforabuildingthatputtheseideasintoaction.TheSolairehasbeencalledthecountry'sfirstgreenhigh-risebuilding.AccordingtoDettling,"We'vereducedourenergyusebyone-thirdandourwaterby50percent.'TheSolairecutsenergyinpartbyusingso]arpower."Onthelaceofthebuildingwehavesolarpanelswhichchangethesun'senergyintoelectricity,'Dettlingexplained.TheSolairealsohaslightsthatautomaticallyturnoffwhenpeopleleavetheroom.Inaddition,thebuildinghaslotsofwindows,allowingpeopletousethesunforlightduringtheday.TheSolairecutswaterbyreusingit.Noteveryoneiseagertomoveintoagreenbuilding,however.Somepeoplethinkthatthingslikesolarpanelscostmoremoneythanmoretraditionalenergysources.Anyhow,Holowkasaid,"It'sgoingtobebig."1.Inthesecondparagraph,theunderlinedwords"thebuilding"mostprobablyreferto________.A.anordinarybuildingB.an.energy-savingbuildingC.agreen-coloredbuildingD.abuildinginWashington,D.C.2.Agreenbuildingisoftenbuiltonanareaofland________.A.whichhasthickforestsaround13.whichhasalreadybeenusedforbuildingC.wherepeopleofhighincomeliveD.wheretravelingaroundbycarismostconvenient3.WhenHolowkasaysinthelastparagraph,"It'sgoingtobebig",shemeansthatgreenbuildings________.A.willbemorecomfortableB.willbecomepopularinthefutureC.willbemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyD.willtaketheplaceoftraditionalbuildings40\n4.Whatisthemainsubjectdiscussedinthetext?A.DettlingdesignedthefirstgreenbuildingintheU.S.B.Energyshortagecallsforbuildingsofnewdesign.C.Greenbuildingshelpsaveenvironment.D.TheSolaireservesasamodelofhighbuildings.Passage3Everyyearmorepeoplerecognizethatitiswrongtokillwildlifefor"sport".Progressinthisdirectionisslowbecauseshootingisnotasportforwatching,andonlythosefewwhotakepartrealizethecrueltyanddestruction.Thenumberofgunners,however,growsrapidly.Childrentooyoungtodevelopproperiudgmentsthroughindepend-entthoughtareledalongwayawaybytheirgunningparents.Theyaresubjectedtoadvertisementsofgunproducerswhodescribeshootingasgoodfortheirhealthandguncarryingasawayofputtingredderbloodintheveins(血管).Theyarepersnadedbygunnermagazineswithstorieshonoringthechaseandthekill.Inschooltheyviewmotionpictureswhicharesupposedlymeanttoteachthemhowtodealwitharmssafelybutwhichareactuallydesignedtostimulate(刺激)adesiretoownagun.Wildlifeisdisappearingbecauseofshootingandbecauseofthelossofwildlandhabitat(Jfl~,~,J~).Habitatlosswillcontin-uewithourincreasingpopulation,butcanweslowthelossofwildlifecausedbyshooting?Theredoesn'tseemtobeanychanceiftheseriousconditionofourbirdsisnotimproved.Wildlifebelongstoeveryoneandnottothegunnersalone.Althoughmostpeopledonotshoot,theyseemtoforgiveshootingforsportbecausetheyknowlittleornothingaboutit.Theonlyanswer,then,istobringthetruthaboutsportshootingtothegreatmajorityofpeople.Now,itistimetorealizethatanimalshavethesamerighttolifeaswedoandthatthereisnothingfairorrightaboutapersonwithagunshootingtheharmlessandbeautifulcreatures.Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagonyofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.If,astheywouldhaveyoubelieve,gun-carryingandkillingimprovehumancharacter,thenperhapsweshouldencouragewar.1.Accordingtothetext,mostpeopledonotseemtobeagainsthuntingbecause________.A.theyhavelittleknowledgeofitB.ithelpstobuildhumancharacterC.itistoocostlytostopkillingwildlifeD.theywanttokeepwildlifeundercontrol2.Theunderlinedword"agony"inthelastparagraphprobablymeans________.A.formB.conditionC.painD.sadness3.Accordingtothetext,thefilmschildrenwatchatschoolactually________.A.teachthemhowtodealwithgunssafelyB.praisehuntingascharacter-buildingC.describehuntingasanexerciseD.encouragethemtohavegunsoftheirown4.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorseemsto________.A.blamethemajorityofpeopleB.worryabouttheexistenceofwildlife40\nC.beinfavourofwarD.beinsupportofcharacter-buildingPassage4Millionsofaircrafttakeoffaroundtheworldeveryyear.Theskiestheyflyinseemlimitless--milesofemptyspace.But,withthenumberofflightsincreasingeachyear,thisemptinessnolongerexists.Researchersintheworldofaviation(航空)areworriedabouttheincreasingpressureonpilotsandgroundcontrollers.Andincreasingcollisions,occurringatornearanairport,havecalledattentiontotheneedformoreaids(辅助设备)toaviationcontrol.Peoplewhotraveltheskiesarenotcertainaboutairsafety.Agreatdealofmoneyisspentonnewandbiggeraircraftandairportstodealwiththevastincreaseinpassengerstravellingbyair.Onlyasmallpercentageofthismoneyisspentonnavigation(导航)andotheraids.Actually,suitableelectronicequipmenthaslongexisted,andmanycompaniesmarketsafetyaidsdesignedtomakeitsaferforaircrafttotakeoff,flyanydistance,anyland,whatevertheweather.Yet,therearetwoproblemstobesolved.Thefirstistogetgovernments,airlinesandairportofficialstoagreetobasiclevelsofsafetyaids.Thesecondproblemistofindawayofmeetingthesebasicrequirements.Butnomatterhowwelltheequipmentworks,operatorsoftheequipmentstillplayanimportantrole.Communicationsbetweenpilotsandgroundcontrollersareextremelyimportanttoairsafety.ItisworthpointingoutthatthemishearingormisunderstandingofinstructionsinEnglish,andtheuseofanotherlanguage,inaninternationalconversation,haveledtotworecentaircraftaccidents.Anewtypeofinstrument(仪器)calledFLIGHTWATCHwouldhelppilotspreventairportcollisions.Itwouldbeparticularlyhelpfulnearairports.1.Theincreasingnumberofflightsleadstothefactthat________.A.flyingisnolongerlimitedintheskyB.thereisnoemptyspaceforaidstoaviationcontrolC.pilotingandcontrollingplanesisgettingmoredifficultD.thepressureonthegroundbecomesgreater2.Thereisuncertaintyaboutairsafetybecause.A.planesbecomebiggerfortheincreasingnumberofpassengersB.moneyspentonelectronicequipmentisfarfromenoughB.suitableelectronicequipmenthasn'tbeeninventedyetD.itisdangerousforplanestotakeofforland3.Theunderlinedword"collisions"probablymeansA.accidentsinwhichtwoplaneshiteachotherB.misunderstandingsbetweenpilotsandgroundcontrollersC.quarrelsamongpassengersD.breakdownsofnewtypesofinstrument4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.governmentsandofficialshavepaidgreatattentiontoairsafetyB.thereshouldbemorecompaniestosellnewsafetyaidsC.EnglishshouldbeusedinaninternationalconversationD.understandingbetweenpilotsandgroundcontrollersshouldbeimproved40