高考 阅读理解 7页

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  • 2022-07-20 发布

高考 阅读理解

  • 7页
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阅读理解阅读理解,本质是读者获得信息的一种思维活动。从阅读理解测试类型来看,主要分为两类:篇章理解(readingforthemainidea)和细节理解(recognizingimportantfactsordetails),后者从历年阅读考题来看占80%左右。一.高考阅读总揽1.高考阅读材料类型:说明文、论说文、叙述文以及广告。2.测试要点:理解主旨大意寻读具体信息理解细节上下文语境推测词义简单判断理解文段逻辑,作者意图以及态度理解指代关系3.常见的几种题目类型:   归纳综合题:“mainidea”“conclusion”   推理判断题:推断作者意图或态度   词义判断题:单词   客观细节题:时间、事件以及两者之间的关系4.考试中常考的问题No.1è在篇章理解部分:A.Theauthorconcludesthat...中心思想题/结论题B.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat...结论题C.Accordingtothepassage,whatis...?D.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoward...?态度题E.Intheauthor’sview,态度题F.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?7\n判断题做这类问题时,一般先快速阅读全文,看其逻辑思路是总括主题,分别阐述,还是逐层递进,环环相扣。由于写作思路不一而足,阅读思路也要千变万化,视具体的情况而定。例如:      …      Heroesarecatalystsforchange. Theyhaveavisionfromthemountaintop. Theyhavetheskillandcharmtomovethemasses. Theycreatenewpossibilities. WithoutGandhi,IndiamightstillbepartoftheBritishEmpire. WithoutRosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Jr., Wemightstillhavesegregated(隔离地)buses, restaurantsandparks.Itmaybepossibleforlargescalechangetooccurwithoutleaderswithmagneticpersonalities, butthepaceofchangewouldbeslow, thevisionuncertain,andthecommitteemeetingsendless.       Theauthorconcludesthathistoricalchangeswould ________.      A)bedelayedwithoutleaderswithinspiringpersonalqualities      B)nothappenwithoutheroesmakingthenecessarysacrifices      C)takeplaceiftherewereheroestoleadthepeopleD)produceleaders withattractivepersonalities         看完之后,读者会有如下思路:英雄是变革的催化剂(总括观点)——有远见;能鼓动群众;能创造机遇(分述论据)——没有他们,步伐会慢,前景不定,会议会没完没了(反面总结,深化观点)。询问作者观点一般是在逻辑思路的最后,显然是在后面的结论句,也就是由but连接的句子中,but后的内容是语义的重心,是作者的观点,这样就排除了干扰项C),而选出了正确答案A)。7\nNo.2è细节理解常考问题:A.Bysaying...,theauthormeansthat...直接推论B....because....因果思维题C.Why...?D.Theexampleof...showsthat...例证题、E.If...假设题F.Although...转折思维总之,解细节理解题的要求与篇章理解题不同,要求考生逐字逐句地认真读题,用心思考,从逻辑意义中理解作者的出题思路,从而得出正确答案。例如:      Inrecentyears,Israeliconsumershavegrownmoredemandingasthey’vebecomewealthierandmoreworld-wise.Foreigntravelisanationalpassion;thissummeralone,onein10citizenswillgoabroad.Exposedtohigherstandardsofserviceelsewhere,Israelisarereturninghomeexpectingthesame.Americanfirmshavealsobegunarrivinginlargenumbers.ChainssuchasKFC,McDonald’sandPizzaHutaresettinganewstandardofcustomerservice,usingstrictemployeetrainingandconstantmonitoringtoensurethefriendlinessoffrontlinestaff.EventheAmericanhabitoftellingdepartingcustomersto“Haveaniceday”hascaughton.‘Let’sbenicer’,saysItsikCohen,directorofaconsultingfirm.“Nothinghappenswithoutcompetition.”      Privatization,orthethreatofit,isamotivationaswell.MonopoliesthatuntilrecentlyhavebeenfreetotaketheircustomersforgrantednowfearwhatMichaelPerry,amarketingprofessor,calls“therevengefulconsumer”.WhenthegovernmentopenedupcompetitionwithBezaq,thephonecompany,itsinternationalbranchlost40%ofitsmarketshare, evenwhileofferingcompetitiverates.SaysPerry,“Peoplewantedrevengeforalltheyearsofbadservice.”Theelectriccompany,7\nwhosemonopolymaybe short-lived,hassuddenlystoppedrequiringuserstowaithalfadayforarepairman.Now,appointmentsarescheduledtothehalfhour.ThegracelessE1A1Airlines,whichisalreadyatauction,hasretraineditsemployeestoemphasizeserviceandisboastingabouttheresultsinanadcampaignwiththeslogan,“youcanfeelthechangeintheair.”Forthefirsttime,praiseoutnumberscomplaintsoncustomersurveysheets.1.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat _______.A)customerserviceinIsraelisnowimprovingB)wealthyIsraelicustomersarehardtopleaseC)thetouristindustryhasbroughtchainstorestoIsraelD)Israelicustomerspreferforeignproducetodomesticones这道题要求用推理的思路逐个筛选。根据第二段中“Theelectriccompany,whose...surveysheets.”可以判断A)是正确答案。2.Intheauthor’sviews,higherservicestandards areimpossibleinIsrael_________.A)ifcustomercomplaintsgounnoticedbythemanagementB)unlessforeigncompaniesareintroducedingreaternumbersC)ifthere’snocompetitionamongcompaniesD)withoutstrictroutinetrainingofemployees      解此题先看一下第一段的逻辑思路:随着富裕,Israeli消费者的要求提高了(起因)——高水平的服务出现了(观点)——表现为三家公司的竞争(例证)——没有竞争就没有一切(结论)。因此,通过逆向思维很容易选出C)。3.IfsomeoneinIsraeltodayneedsarepairmanincaseofapowerfailure,________.  A)theycanhaveitfixedinnotimeB)it’snolongernecessarytomakeanappointmentC)theappointmenttakesonlyhalfadaytomakeD)theyonlyhavetowaithalfanhouratmost题目给出了一种假设,要求根据假设选出一种结果。根据第二段中:“ The7\nelectriccompany,...Now,appointmentsarescheduledtothehalfhour. ”D)为正确答案。4.TheexampleofE1A1Airlinesshowsthat_______.A)revengefulcustomersareathreattothemonopolyofenterprisesB)anadcampaignisawayoutforenterprisesinfinancialdifficultyC)agoodsloganhasgreatpotentialforimprovementserviceD)staffretrainingisessentialforbetterservice这是典型的例证题,看文章第二段的最后两句,我们不难总结出:由于E1A1对其员工进行服务意识的再培训,并提出了相应的口号,在其进行的社会调查中,首次赞扬者多于抱怨者。因此正确答案是D)。5.WhydidBezaq’sinternationalbranchlose40%ofitsmarketshare?A)Becausetheratesitofferedwerenotcompetitiveenough.B)Becausecustomersweredissatisfiedwithits pastservice.C)Becausetheserviceofferedbyitscompetitorswasfarbetter. D)Becauseitnolongerreceivedanysupportfromthegovernment.   这是一道因果关系题。根据第二段中的“itsinternational...yearsofbadservice”很容易找到答案B)。      考生只要在平时的阅读训练中,认真练习逻辑思维;在考试中,合理应用逻辑思维,一定会在考试中取得理想的成绩。 二.解题方法归纳1.学生必须具备的基础:词汇:语法:7\n篇章理解能力:A.B.2.一般解题方法:No.1材料:skimmingscanning(1)先看文章后做题(顺读法)。___________________________  (2)先看题目再做题(逆读法)___________________________  No.2做题:运用自己所学到的知识答题。è语法知识 No.3 (4)猜测法。è分析细节能力3.猜词技巧    阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语意义的题目,这些词、短语、习语要么是生词,要么是熟词新义,单靠平时积累是不够的,还要掌握一定的做题技巧。总结如下:    (1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断:在英语中,有很多词可以在前面加前缀(prefix),或在后面加后缀(suffix),从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但掌握了一定的构词法,就不难猜出它的词义。例如:    "Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,"Anacleriosaid,"andthey'reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject."    文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的,活跃的)构成的,同时根据上下文的意思可以判断,该词的含义应是“互动的”。    (2)根据上下文解释作出判断:有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义域或解释,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。请看下例:    ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCentreoffersawidevarietyofchoices—deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches,Santanasedansarethebigfavourite.    从前面的CarRentalCenter可知出租车公司提供的只能是carsforrent(出租汽车),也就是说划线的词都是出租汽车的名称。    (3)根据上下文的指代关系7\n进行选择:文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。例如:    However,thequestionthat"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.    首先,it指上句中的thequestion,而thequestion又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题,所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。    (4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断:根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。另外,分号(;)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。请看下例:Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcallbeabasketoffun。从上下句可以看出,hassle和abasketoffun肯定是近乎相反的意义,也就是asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble。    (5)根据因果关系进行判断:俗话说,“有因必有果,有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。例如:    Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory...Allofourice—creamandfrozenfoodsmelted.根据因果关系,停电只能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品“融化”,也就是melted。    (6)根据同位关系进行判断:阅读中有时出现新词、难词,后面就跟着一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释,有时这种解释也用连词“or”连接。例如:...,andotherGermanicandNordicpeoples,whospokewhatwenowcallAnglo-Saxon(oroldEnglish),aGermaniclanguage.其中oldEnglish,aGermaniclanguage都是解释Anglo—Saxon的。7

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