高考英语 非谓语动词高考考前复习课件 56页

非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词\n非谓语动词就是___________________________。充当除谓语之外的成分的动词句子成分主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补语基本成分(必不可少的成分)附加成分(扩展成分)不是充当谓语的成分\n句子成分主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补语这些成分一般是什么词类充当？名词这些有名词特征的成分能用什么非谓语动词充当？动名词和不定式→表语一般是什么词类充当？名词、形容词、介词短语等多种词类。表语能用什么非谓语动词充当？动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词补语一般是什么词类充当？→名词、形容词、介词短语等多种词类。补语能用什么非谓语动词充当？不定式、现在分词和过去分词→定语一般是什么词类充当？名词、形容词、介词短语等多种词类。定语能用什么非谓语动词充当？动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词→状语一般是什么词类充当？副词、介词短语状语能用什么非谓语动词充当？不定式、现在分词和过去分词这些非谓语动词分别能充当哪些成分？动名词只能作主语、宾语、表语和定语；不定式能充当各种成分；现在分词和过去分词不能作主语和宾语。\n完成下列句子：1.______________________________(那么多人看着她),shefeltverynervous.(look)2.___________________________(他们所有的作业做完了),thechildrenwentouttoplay.(finish)3._________________________(没有什么有趣的事可做),hewenttobedearly.(do)WithsomanypeoplelookingatherWithalltheirhomeworkfinishedWithnothinginterestingtodo分析：“看”与“felt”同时发生，且是主动的。分析：“做完”先于“went”发生，且是被动的。分析：“可做”是went之后发生，且是主动的。想一想：依句意待完成部分在句中说明主句的什么？伴随状语用什么结构表达？“看”的逻辑主语是主句主语吗？“做完”的逻辑主语是主句主语吗？想一想：依句意待完成部分在句中说明主句的什么？伴随状语用什么结构表达？“看”是什么样的动作——已完成、正发生还是未开始？“做完”是什么样的动作——已完成、正发生还是未开始？想一想：依句意待完成部分在句中说明主句的什么？“可做”是什么样的动作——已完成、正发生还是未开始？“可做”的逻辑主语是什么？是执行者还是承受者？\n概念根据刚才的完成句子题可知，英语中的动词根据它们在句子中的作用分为谓语动词和非谓语动词，因此，顾名思义，非谓语动词就是那些在句子中不是用作谓语成分的动词。它们可能是不同类别的不同形式，用作主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语等不同成分。___那些在句子中不是用作谓语成分的动词帮你归纳\n特点1、不能单独作谓语，但非谓语动词既然是动词，就有动词的特征——可以有自己的逻辑主语，还可以有自己的宾语、表语、补语和状语：Bothhisparentslaidoff,helivesapoorlife.2、虽然因不作谓语而没有人称、数的限定和语气的变化，但有体现时间关系的各种体的变化和体现逻辑关系的被动语态变化形式。Havingbeenpunished,heseemedannoyed.______________BothhisparentslaidoffHavingbeenpunished________________助你小结\n种类非谓语动词1.不定式2.动名词3.现在分词4.过去分词\n根据基本形式，非谓语动词可以分为：1.不定式：带to或不带to的原形动词的某种体—(to)do,(to)bedone;(to)bedoing;(to)havedone,(to)havebeendone;(to)havebeendoing不定式1）除了不能单独用作谓语外，不定式可以用作其它各种成分—主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语；特点：2）时间关系方面有不同的体的变化—一般体、进行体、完成体和完成进行体；逻辑关系—除了进行体和完成进行体外，其它体有被动语态形式。主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语有不同的体的变化有被动语态形式时间关系____________________________逻辑关系助你小结\n2.动名词：顾名思义，就是有动词特征但起名词作用的非谓语动词形式(原形动词的各种体+ing)—doing,beingdone;havingdone,havingbeendone;havingbeendoing特点：1）因为在句子中只起名词作用，故动名词只能用作名词能充当的成分—主语、宾语、表语和定语；主语、宾语、表语和定语_____________________________________2）时间关系方面：有不同的体的变化—一般体、完成体和完成进行体；逻辑关系方面：除了完成进行体外，其它体有被动语态形式。havingbeendoing时间关系逻辑关系动名词助你小结\n3.现在分词：-ing形式的非谓语动词在句子中起名词作用时为动名词，而在句子中起其它作用时是现在分词。形式与动名词相同：—doing,beingdone;havingdone,havingbeendone;havingbeendoing现在分词特点：1）因为在句子中不能起名词作用，故现在分词能充当的成分只有表语、定语、状语和补语；2）时间关系方面：有不同的体的变化—一般体、完成体和完成进行体；逻辑关系方面：除了完成进行体外，其它体有被动语态形式。表语、定语、状语和补语时间关系逻辑关系现在分词助你小结\n4.过去分词：在句子中用作表语、定语、状语和补语表示已经完成的情况或已完成的被动情况时用的非谓语动词形式—done(只一种形式)过去分词表示已经完成的情况或已完成的被动情况特点：1）因为在句子中不能起名词作用，故过去分词能充当的成分只有表语、定语、状语和补语；2）时间关系方面：一般表示已经完成的情况；逻辑关系方面：及物动词的过去分词多表示被动，不及物动词的过去分词表示已经完成的情况。过去分词时间关系逻辑关系____________________________助你小结\n四种非谓语动词的形式类别形式体被动语态否定不定式todotobedone在非谓语前加nottobedoing×tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone分词现在分词doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done助你小结\n非谓语动词的作用主语宾语表语宾补定语状语\n一、能用作主语的非谓语动词1.不定式(短语)To“thinkoutsidethebox”istotrynewwaystosolveaproblem.WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Isitpossibletobebestfriendsevenifyouarethousandsofmilesapart?Itisalsothoughttobeasignofgoodtastetosaysomethingniceaboutthosethings.__________________________________________________________________不定式短语作主语多置于句末，而在主语的位置用it作形式主语，而且当不定式有某特定的执行者执行动作时，应在不定式前面加上for+执行者或of+执行者。_________________________________\n2.动名词(短语)Takingexerciseearlyinthemorninghasbecomepartofherretiredlife.______________________________DoyouthinkitisnecessaryforaforeignertomasterChinese?Whydoyouthinkitisfoolishofhimtoshoutathisboss?_______________________________________________动名词短语作主语表示特定的对象进行或承受的行为时，其前面应加上该动名词的执行者或承受者作其逻辑主语，该逻辑主语可以是名词的普通格、所有格或形容词性的物主代词(作宾语时可用宾格代词)：Peter’scominglatemadethepresidentangry.Yourpassingtheexamwillpleaseallyourfamily.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n二、能用作宾语的非谓语动词1.不定式(短语)Whenyouarefinishedwiththeelectriciron,don’tforget___________(关掉它).(turn)(09湖北)Ifyouarefeelingdown,orifyouarehavingaproblem,fair-weatherfriendsdon’twanttospendtimeortalkwithyou.ItrytoreadasmanybooksandmagazinesasIcanfindaboutCanada.Iwaspleasedthatthemanagerhaddecidednottobeangrywithmeforhavingbeensorude.toturnitoff\n不定式(短语)作宾语包括：1.)(牢记哦)直接用带to的不定式作宾语的动词有：助你小结afford(负担得起)/agree(同意)/aim(目的是)/apply(申请)/appear(好象/似乎)/arrange(安排)/ask(要求)/bother(烦恼/操心)/care(愿意)/choose(选择)/dare(敢)/decide(决定)/demand(要求)/desire(想要/愿望)/determine(决定)/select(选择)/endeavor(努力/尽力/力图)/expect(盼望)/fail(未能、没有)/happen(碰巧)/help(有助于)/hesitate(犹豫)/hope(希望)/intend(意图/想)/learn(学会)/long(渴望)/manage(设法)/mean(意图/打算)/offer(主动提出)/plan(打算、计划)/prepare(准备)/pretend(假装)/promise(许诺)/refuse(拒绝)/seem(似乎、好象)/tend(倾向于)/undertake(接受、同意)/wait(等候)/want(想)/wish(希望)/would/shouldlike(想要)注意哦：某些动词(如arrange)后接不定式作宾语时，动词的词义决定了该不定式前必须带forsb./forsth.\n2.)当宾语后面接名词、形容词等作宾补时，务必将作宾语的不定式(有时是复合结构)放到句末去，在宾语的位置加上it作形式宾语：Notallofthesearebadforus,ofcourse,buttheymakeitmoredifficultforustocontrolwhatweeat.TheInternetalsomakesiteasierforcompaniestokeepintouchwithconsumersandcompaniesinothercountries.3.)“疑问词+不定式”在句中的作用相当于名词从句，可用作主语和宾语：Havinggoodtablemannersmeansknowing,forexample,howtouseknivesandforks,whentodrinkatoastandhowtobehaveatthetable.4.)介词中只有but和except后可以接不定式：HedidnothingbutwatchTVeverynight.\nIdon’tenjoyreadingtoomuch.Ilikeplayingcomputergames.Ihatehiking.JanettoldtheotherstudentstostopmakingfunofSarah.WhenHuikeseesthecryingMinzhiontelevision,hehimselfstartscrying,butheisalsohappytoseeher.Itispolitetofinisheatingeverythingonyourplate.Irememberhavinganemptyfeelinginmystomachandthinkingthatmylifewasgoingtoend.Itwasdifficulttosavethepalacesandbuildingswithoutdestroyingtheiroldbeauty.Itsoundedlikeawomancrying.2.动名词(短语)实例研究\n动名词作宾语只能用于admit(承认)/advise(劝告,建议)/allow(允许)/appreciate(欣赏)/avoid(避免)/can’thelp(忍不住)/can’tstand(无法忍受)/complete(完成)/consider(考虑)/delay(延迟)/deny(否认)/dislike(厌恶)/endure(忍受)/enjoy(喜欢)/escape(逃避)/excuse(原谅)/fancy(设想)/finish(完成)/forbid(禁止)/forgive(宽恕)/giveup(放弃)/imagine(想象)/include(包括)/keep(on)(继续、反复)/mind(介意)/miss(错过)/pardon(原谅)/permit(允许)/postpone(推迟)/practise(练习)/prevent(阻止)/putoff(推迟)/recall(回忆)/report(报道)/require(需要)/can’tresist(禁不住)/risk(冒险)/suggest(建议)/stand(忍受)/stop(停止)/understand(理解)/want(需要)等特定动词后。可得常常想着俺哦！！！\n动名词(短语)还用于下列短语后：admitto(承认)/aswellas/beafraidof/befondof/betiredof/beproudof/becapableof/begoodat/beworth/beengagedin/bebusyin/besuccessfulin/burstout(突然开始)/can'thelp…/counton/devoteoneselfto/leaveoff/putoff/giveup/feellike(想要)/insiston(坚持)/havetroublein/havedifficulty(in)/howabout/beusedto/getusedto/getdownto/giveup/holdoff/keepon/leadto/lookforwardto/objectto/payattentionto/putoff/prefer…to/prevent…from…/setabout/stickto/succeedin/takepridein/takeup/thinkabout/thinkof/whatabout//It’snogood/nouse\n有的动词后既能接动名词又能接不定式作宾语，且意义上有的有区别，有的没区别。stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事1.)有区别的有：remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作当时尚未发)remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)goontodo(接着做另外一件事)goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)meantodo(打算做,企图做)meandoing(意思是,意味着)can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)________\n2.)没有区别的有：__________begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的一次性的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need,want,require(当主语是物时，常用动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)begin,start,love,like和prefer后接动名词和不定式意义上没什么区别，但当这些动词本身是进行体时，后面接不定式；表示一种习惯或倾向多接动名词作宾语,如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动,多接不定式；下列情况下start/begin后接不定式更好：A.主语不是人而是事物时：Theicebegantomelt.B.start/begin用-ing形式时：Iamstaringtocookthedinner.C.后面所接的动词表示感情、心理等静态意义时：Ibegantounderstand….Shestartedtowonder….\nFordrinkingduringadinner,thebestadviceis_____________________.三、能用作表语的非谓语动词1.不定式(短语)Thebestwaytohaveagoodswimwithyournewfriendsis________________.tolearnfromthemWhenSpielbergwasyoung,hisdreamwas______________________.togototheFilmAcademyThemostimportantthingforyoungMinzhiis____________________________________—NOTONELESS—beforeMr.Gaoreturns!nottoloseanymorepupilsfromtheschoolThecustomoftoastinginsomepartsofChinais_____________________.tofinishthedrinkatoncenevertodrinktoomuchThebestway(如另有逻辑主语则构成for+逻辑主语+todo)Theonlywaytogetreunitedisforyoutoapologizetothem.foryoutoapologizetothem\n2.动名词(短语)Otherfavouritehobbiesare_________________.readingandsingingMyinterestsare__________________________________________.readingnovels,playingfootballandsingingsongs不定式和动名词作主语和表语的区别形式区别不定式多表示一个特定的、具体的、将来动作,作主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。作表语时有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。\n3.现在分词(短语)Whathesaidwasreally________.annoying(常见作表语是现在分词有astonishing,encouraging,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing)4.过去分词(短语)Youdonotfeel_______toenterthem.invitedGreatly_____inChinaaretheEnglishRomanticpoets.lovedWhenthepoemis_______,Iclosethebookandmysadnessis____.finishedgone\n分词(短语)作表语的特点和区别现在分词过去分词无名词的特征,不能用作主语。但是有形容词的特征,可以作表语。形容词化后多表示主语的特征、性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质、特征,表示主动。一般表示主语所处的被动状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。\n四、能用作宾补的非谓语动词1.不定式todo(短语)Myteachersencouragedustobelievewecoulddoanythingandhaveitall.Thistechnologymayenabledoctorstorestorehumanorgansinthenearfuture.Oneofthemostimportantachievementsisanewkindofricewhichallowsfarmerstoincreaseproduction.tobelievewecoulddoanythingandhaveitalltorestorehumanorgansinthenearfuturetoincreaseproduction由上述例子可知，大多数谓语动词后面的宾语补语表示谓语之后的行为时用带to的不定式：advise/allow/ask/beg/callon/cause/challenge(要求)/command(指挥/命令)/consider/drive/enable(使能够)/encourage/expect/forbid/force/get/instruct(指示)/intend/invite/order/permit/persuade/remind/report/request/require(要求)/select/send(差遣)/suppose(假设)/teach/tell/train/trust/urge/waitfor/want/warn/wish/wouldlike/wouldlove/wouldprefer\n2.不定式tobe(短语)Webelievehimtobeguilty.tobeguiltyWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.tobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass接不定式tobe(短语)作宾补的谓语动词有：appoint/believe/consider/declare(宣称)/discover/fancy(设想)/feel/find/guess/imagine/judge(断定)/know/like/prove/suppose/think/understand3.不带to的不定式(短语)WeiBintookoutsomepeanutsanditwasfuntoseethemonkeyeatfromhishand.eatfromhishandPopmusicmakespeoplefeeleasyandforgetabouttherealworld;rockmusicmakespeoplethinkabouttheworldandhowtomaketheirlifebetter.feeleasyandforgetabouttherealworldthinkabouttheworldandhowtomaketheirlifebetterReadinghelpsusunderstandtheworld.understandtheworld用于感官动词和let,have,help,make后。\n4.现在分词(短语)Whatdidyouseehimdoingwhenyoupassedhim?WhatdoingTherearemanyrecipesforsimpleandhealthysnacksthattastegreatandkeepusgoing.going现在分词作宾补主要用于感官动词和keep,catch,set,send,start,leave等特殊使役动词及介词with,表示谓语动词发生时正在发生的主动动作。WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.communicatinginEnglisheveryday5.过去分词(短语)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Whenyoulookaroundatbuildings,streets,squaresandparks,youwillfindthemdesigned,plannedandbuiltindifferentstyles.designed,plannedandbuiltindifferentstyles\nFrankLloydWright,whobuiltanartmuseuminNewYork,foundhimselfinspiredbyJapaneseseashells.inspiredbyJapaneseseashellsMorethanninetyresponsibleandcaringcitizensmadetheirvoicesheardtoday.heardtodayEverygreatcultureinthepasthaditsownideasofbeautyexpressedinartandarchitecture.expressedinartandarchitectureTheywantedtheirbuildingsconstructedinawaytolookunnatural.constructedinawaytolookunnaturalPleasegettheworkdoneassoonaspossible.doneassoonaspossibleIwantyoutokeepmeinformedofhowthingsaregoingwithyou.informedofhowthingsaregoingwithyou过去分词作作宾补用于感官动词和make,have,want,get,keep,wouldlike等动词后,表示句中宾语所承受的被动行为。\nAgrowingnumberofoverseasChinesehavegraspedtheopportunitytodeveloptheirideasathome.五、能用作定语的非谓语动词1.不定式(短语)Theycangiveusachancetopractiseourcookingskills.Thefirst100customerstovisitthestorewillbegivenapresent.Ihavealotofworktoattendto.tovisitthestoretodeveloptheirideasathomeThebestwaytohaveagoodswimwithyournewfriendsistolearnfromthem.tohaveagoodswimwithyournewfriends____________________________________________________________________________Hedidnothavetimetofinishwhathewassaying.tofinishwhathewassaying________________________topractiseourcookingskills注意：下列词语后用非谓语动词作定语时常接不定式(短语)：wish,right,courage,need,promise,opportunity,way,time,chance,thefirst,thesecond,thelast,theonly等作不定式的状语。(若被饰词为不定式短语的承受者(宾语),则不定式必须能接宾语且缺宾语,即必须是缺宾语的及物动词或不及物动词+介词等)toattendto_________(如另有逻辑主语则构成for+逻辑主语+todo)________________________\nCuttingdowntreesandsellingthewoodwastheonlywayforpoorfarmerstomakesomemoneyandfeedtheirfamilies.Shanghaiisthefirstcityintheworldtohavebuiltahigh-speedmaglevtrain,fromthecitytoPudongAirport.Thebluesisawayforpeopletoshowwhotheyareandwhatisintheirheart.ThegreatmomentforEuropeanliteraturetocometoChinaisbetween1910andthelate1930s.forpoorfarmerstomakesomemoneyandfeedtheirfamilies________________________________________________________forpeopletoshowwhotheyareandwhatisintheirheart__________________________________________________forEuropeanliteraturetocometoChina___________________________________由上述例子可知，自带逻辑主语的不定式(不定式的复合结构for+逻辑主语+不定式)也可以用作定语。Thereismuchyettobediscovered.Thereisawidevarietyofnewmusictobediscoveredineverycorneroftheworld.由上述例子可知，作定语的不定式有“体”和语态的变化。tohavebuiltahigh-speedmaglevtrain_________________________________tobediscovered_____________tobediscoveredineverycorneroftheworld__________________________________________\nEatinghabitsbecomepartofwhoweare.2.动名词Manyhospitalsandschoolsoffertrainingclassesforpeoplewhoareinterestedinlearningfirstaid.动名词作定语时，表示的是被修饰的词的功能、作用或用途而决非行为动作(表示行为动作的-ing分词是现在分词)。动名词现在分词racingbike(跑车)swimmingpool(游泳池)thewaitingroom(候诊室)awritingdesk(写字台)runningwater(自来水)therisingsun(东升的旭日)thesleepingdog(吠狗)adevelopingcountry(发展中国家)\n3.现在分词(短语)Kwanzaaisaseven-dayfestivalcelebratingthecultureandhistoryofAfricanAmericans.PeoplewhoseeXiaohuawouldneverguessthatsheisoneofmillionsofchildrenintheworldlivinganddyingwithAIDS.livinganddyingwithAIDSTheoceanandseassurroundingtheislandsaredeepblue.surroundingtheislands由上述例子可知，现在分词短语作定语多数表示被饰词现在或当时正在进行中的行为。________________________________________WhenHuikeseesthecryingMinzhiontelevision,hehimselfstartscrying.crying但有时也可能表示包括现在在内的经常性的情况：celebratingthecultureandhistoryofAfricanAmericansHelivesinthehousefacingthesea.facingthesea\n4.过去分词(短语)Thebreakthrough,madebyscientistsinShanghai,giveshopetocancerpatientsallovertheworldandmakesChinaoneoftheworldleadersinthebattleagainstthedeadlydisease.Thepeacefulmeetingendedwhenthecompanysentoutagroupofangrymenarmedwithstickstofightwiththecitizens.armedwithsticksButatothermomentsyouwillfindhimgentleandweak,aswhenhecriesaboutthelostlivesofpeopledrownedinshipsthathavesunk.drownedinshipsthathavesunkGreatBritainisanationofdifferentcountriesheldtogetherbyacommonlanguageandculture.heldtogetherbyacommonlanguageandcultureMuchofthewisdomdiscoveredbyearlyChinesescientistsisstillusefulforfarmersandgardenerstoday.discoveredbyearlyChinesescientistsTherearelotsofparkscalledWindowoftheWorldinChina.calledWindowoftheWorldmadebyscientistsinShanghai\n过去分词短语作定语时有两种情况：1.一般是及物动词的过去分词短语表示已经完成的被动行为(如上例)。2.若是不及物动词，一般不用过去分词短语形式，而用单个的过去分词作定语，表示已经完成的主动。Thefallenleavescanbeusedtocook.fallenRetiredworkersoftengetasmuchpayaswhenheretired.Retired过去分词作表语时也一样：不及物动词仅表示已经完成的行为。Thedayswhenwesufferedfromsomediseasesaregone.gone\nTomakeyourvoiceheard,youcanwritealettertoanewspapereditor.六、能用作状语的非谓语动词1.目的状语不定式(短语)Tomakeasmuchuseofthelandaspossible,twoormorecropsareplantedeachyearwherepossible.TomakeyourvoiceheardTomakeasmuchuseofthelandaspossible(非谓语动词作目的状语时只能用不定式)Theyplaymusictosatisfytheirinnerdesire.tosatisfytheirinnerdesire不定式作目的状语时既可置于句首，也可置于句末；置于句首时前面还可以加上inorder(not)，置于句末时既可以加上inorder(not),也可以加上soas(not)：Samueltrainedeverydayinordertoimprovehisperformance.toimprovehisperformanceInordertounderstandhowthehumanbodyworks,youneedtohavesomeknowledgeofchemistry.tounderstandhowthehumanbodyworks\n2.原因状语(用于系表结构和表感情变化的动词后)Iwasafoolnottolistentoyouatthattime.nottolistentoyouatthattimeShewepttofindhiminsuchadifficultsituation.tofindhiminsuchadifficultsituationIwasalsoluckytohavesomeexcellentteachers.tohavesomeexcellentteachersWewentalongsilentlyontiptoesoasnottodisturbanyone.todisturbanyone1.)不定式(短语)2.)现在分词(短语)Nothavingbeeninvitedtotheparty,shefeltquitedisappointed.NothavingbeeninvitedtothepartyHavingbeensparingnoefforts,hehasachievedgreatachievements.HavingbeensparingnoeffortsIfeelgreatlyhonoredtobewelcomedintotheirsociety.(08北京卷32)tobewelcomedintotheirsociety\nNotrealizingthathewasingreatdanger,Ericwalkeddeeperintotheforest.(08浙江卷10)Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,thinkingthatallchildrenlikethesethings.(06·全国Ⅱ·17)Themanager,knowinghisfactory'sproductswerepoorinquality,decidedtogivehisworkersfurthertraining.(03·安徽春招·28)Havingfailedtoreachthemonthephone,wesentanemailinstead.(08重庆卷29)Having been separatedfrom other continentsformillions of years,Australiahas many plants andanimals,not found in any other country in the world.(05·湖北·26)Havingsufferedfromhearttroubleforyears,ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.(01·上海春招·38)NotrealizingthathewasingreatdangerHavingfailedtoreachthemonthephonethinkingthatallchildrenlikethesethingsHaving been separatedfrom other continentsformillions of yearsknowinghisfactory'sproductswerepoorinqualityHavingsufferedfromhearttroubleforyears\n2.)过去分词(短语)IdeallylocatedforBroadwaytheatreandFifthAvenue,theNewYorkParkhotelisafavouritewithmanyguests.(08上海卷37)Drivenbyagreaterdemandofvegetables,farmershavebuiltmoregreenhouses.(07·浙江·20)Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network,Alicewas in low spirits.(06·福建·33)Facedwithsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.(06·四川·33)Attractedbythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwoweeksonthefarm.(04·辽宁·30)IdeallylocatedforBroadwaytheatreandFifthAvenueDrivenbyagreaterdemandofvegetablesBlamed for the breakdown of the school computer networkAttractedbythebeautyofnatureFacedwithsomuchtroubleFacedwithadifficultsituation,Arnolddecidedtoaskhisbossforadvice.(05·北京春招·34)FacedwithadifficultsituationThechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessonsfinishedfortheday.(07·重庆·25)theirlessonsfinishedfortheday\n3.结果状语Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.onlytofindthetrainhadgoneWhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?tomakeyousoangryWouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?astolendmeyourbicycleWearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.astobelievehim不定式表示结果常见于下列特定句型多表示发生在谓语动词之后的意料之外的结果：so...astodo…,such...astodo…,enoughtodo…,onlytodo,too...todo…1.too...to...结构中的形容词如果是eager,pleased,happy,glad,ready,kind,satisfied等表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词，则不定式不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。Theboywastooeagertogetageographybook.togetageographybookHeistooanxioustoknowtheexaminationresults.toknowtheexaminationresults注意：1.)不定式(短语)\n“too...to”结构之前带有“but,only,all,simply,just”时，该结构表示强烈的肯定意义，汉译为“非常／十分／实在／真是太……”:Weshallbesimplytoogladtohelpyou.toogladtohelpyouIamjusttoogladtohelpyou.toogladtohelpyou3.“too...to”结构前也可以加否定副词not或never构成“not／nevertoo…to”和“too...notto”结构时不表示否定，而表示肯定。Theboxisnottooheavytolift.这只箱子不太重，可以提得起。Itisnevertoolatetomend.亡羊补牢，犹未晚也。Heistoocarefulnottohavenoticedthat.他那么小心，肯定会注意到那一点的。Theyarebuttoogladtodoso.toogladtodosoThepatientwasonlytoowillingtobeoperatedupon.toowillingtobeoperateduponWearealltoosatisfiedtotakeyouradvice.toosatisfiedtotakeyouradvice\n2.)现在分词(短语)Oilpriceshaverisenby32percentsincethestartoftheyear,reachingarecordUS$57.65abarrelonApril4.(05·山东·27)reachingarecordUS$57.65abarrelonApril4Theglassdoorshavetakentheplaceofthewoodenonesattheentrance,lettinginthenaturallightduringtheday.(07·天津·6)lettinginthenaturallightduringthedayHeglancedoverather,notingthatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.(05·广东·24)notingthatthoughshewastinyThestormleft,havingcausedalotofdamagetothisarea.(05·全国I、Ⅱ·32)havingcausedalotofdamagetothisarea现在分词作结果状语时，一般放在句末，前面可so,thus,hence,thereby等副词，表示伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的意料之中的自然结果(同时发生)。过去分词除了用独立主格结构外，一般不作结果状语。Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,makingitthemostpopularsportintheworld.makingitthemostpopularsportintheworld\n4.条件状语(是否是条件状语取决于句意)1.)不定式(短语)(仅供了解)Amanwouldbeblindnottoseethat.nottoseethatHowcanyoucatchthetraintostartsolate?tostartsolate2.)过去分词(短语)Giventime,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(03·北京·28)GiventimeGiventhegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(2000·北安春招·17)Giventhegeneralstateofhishealth当句中主语是作状语的非谓语动词的承受者时，作条件状语的非谓语动词用过去分词。Seenfromthetopofthehill,thetrainlookslikeasnake.SeenfromthetopofthehillSeenfromthetop,the2008OlympicStadiuminBeijinglooksjustlikeabird’snestmadeoftreebranches.SeenfromthetopUnited, we stand; divided,wefall.United,westand;divided\nWhendrinkingtosomeone’shealth,youraiseyourglasses.5.时间状语Whendrinkingtosomeone’shealthHavingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhour,theoldmansuddenlyrealizedhehadleftthechequeinthecar.(08福建22)Takingthepaththatleadsoutofthetown,youwillcometoadensewood.Takingthepaththatleadsoutofthetown3.)现在分词(短语)(仅供了解)Working hard,you’ll surely succeed.Working hard1.)现在分词(短语)HavingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhourThemanager,havingmadeitcleartousthathedidn’tagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.(05·江西·31)havingmadeitcleartousthathedidn’tagreewithus\nHavingbeenshownaroundtheWaterCube,wewerethentakentoseetheBird’sNestforthe2008OlympicGames.(08陕西卷14)2.)过去分词(短语)Approachedinthedark,thelightslookedlonelyandpurposeless.Havingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.(04·北京·29)HavingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhourHavingbeenshownaroundtheWaterCubeTheoldman,havingworkedabroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04·江苏·31)havingworkedabroadfortwentyyearsLefttoitselfintheroom,thebabybegantocry.LefttoitselfintheroomAskedwhyhedidit,themonitorsaiditwashisduty.AskedwhyhediditApproachedinthedark\n6.方式/伴随状语Hewasbusywritingastory,onlystoppingonceinawhiletosmokeacigarette.(08辽宁卷27)Throwingtheirhatsintotheair,thefansofthewinningteamletoutloudshoutsofvictory.(08天津4)My sister,aninexperiencedrider,wasfoundsittingonthebicycletryingtobalanceit.(08上海卷30)Asthelightturnedgreen,Istoodforamoment,notmoving,andaskedmyselfwhatIwasgoingtodo.(07·湖南·29)My cousincame to see me from the country,bringingme a full basket of fresh fruits.(06·安徽·21)1.)现在分词(短语)Don’tsittheredoingnothing.Comeandhelpmewiththistable.(06·湖北·34)doingnothingonlystoppingonceinawhiletosmokeacigaretteThrowingtheirhatsintotheairtryingtobalanceitnotmovingWheneverhewasaskedwhyhewaslateforclass,hewouldanswercarelessly,alwayssayingthesamething.(06·江苏·30)alwayssayingthesamethingbringingme a full basket of fresh fruits\n2.)过去分词(短语)Surroundedbyhisstudents,theprofessorsattherecheerfully.Surprisedandhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.(06·全国I·32)SurprisedandhappyMailedoutautomaticallythee-mailwillbereceivedbyalltheclubmembers.(06·上海·40)MailedoutautomaticallyDressedinawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.(05·湖南·22)DressedinawhiteuniformHestoodtheresilently,movedtotears.SurroundedbyhisstudentsTheoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife.movedtotearssupportedbyhiswife\ntotellyouthetruth说老实话tobefrank坦率地说tobeginwith首先tobebrief简言之tomakealongstoryshort长话短说tobeexact精确地说tosaynothingof姑且不说toconclude总而言之tobesure诚然，固然todohimjustice说句对他公道的话sotospeak可以这么说7.评注性状语(独立成分)1.)不定式(短语)\n2.)现在分词(短语)一般情况下，非谓语动词在句中都有逻辑主语。作状语时，逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果逻辑主语不在句中，则非谓语动词前要么加上其自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构，要么没有自己的逻辑主语而独立存在，构成独立成分。这些独立成分已成为固定的惯用语，常被看作句子的插入语，现在分词独立成分常见的有：generally speaking一般说来strictly(/honestly/ frankly/ roughly/ broadly) speaking严格地（诚实地/坦白地/粗略地/泛泛地）说talking of / about ..谈到……considering…考虑到……，鉴于……judging from/ by…根据……判断taking all / everything into consideration从各方面考虑allowing for…考虑到putting it mildly说得温和一些Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.(05·全国Ⅲ·17)Generallyspeaking\n8.让步状语1.)现在分词(短语)Havingsaidthatshedidn’tdoagoodjob,Idon’tthinkIamablerthanher.(07·陕西·15)Told many times,hehasn’t remembered it.2.)过去分词(短语)Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.Defeatedagain,hedidn’tloseheart.Havingsaidthatshedidn’tdoagoodjobThoughrainingheavily现在分词作让步状语时，一般放在句首，常常由although,though,evenif等导出。Told many timesDefeatedagainThoughtoldofthedanger\n非谓语动词(尤其是分词)作状语时，视其所表示的情况有时可以在其前面加上连词when,while,if,once,though,unless,as if,even if等,这种“连词+分词”作状语可看作在连词与分词之间省略了与句子主语相同的主语及助动词be。9.状语从句的省略Evenif(I were)invitedtotheparty,Iwouldn’tgo.If ( I am)given another chance,Iwill do it much better.IfgivenWhen (the museum is)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.WhencompletedEvenifinvited\n有时也可用with(without)+名词或代词宾格+分词：Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.10.独立主格结构分词作状语时，若句子的主语不是其逻辑主语，且又不是独立成分，则该分词前必须加上自己特定的逻辑主语。这种独立于句子之外的主格结构叫做独立主格结构。Her homework finished,Jessicawent out for a walk.Her homeworkfinishedThe question settled,themeeting ended.The questionsettledNight coming on ,westarted for home.Nightcoming on有时“逻辑主语+分词”独立主格结构可由with引出：With the question settled,the meetingended.Withthe questionsettledWiththelightsburning\n11.现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别1.逻辑关系形式区别现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系：Hewentout,shuttingthedoorbehindhim.他出去后将门随手关上。Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系：(部分过去分词是系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动关系”，其前不用being：lost/absorbed/dressedin,seated,hidden,tiredof)Givenmoreencouragement,theboycouldhavebehavedbetter.如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。\n2.时间关系形式区别现在分词一般体(doing)表示与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行的动作；完成体表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作；现在分词的完成体被动式常和表示次数的短语及时间段(for+一段时间)连用，这种情况下不能用过去分词替换(其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换，使句式更简洁)：Readingcarefully,hefoundsomethinghehadn’tknownbefore.Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenthome.Havingbeendiscussedseveraltimes,thedecisionwasfinallymade.过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示与谓语动作同时发生或存在“一种状态”：Writteninahurry,thisarticlewasnotsogood.