初中英语复习1 24页

很多同学认为英语语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。特此搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。　　一、冠词基本用法　　【速记口诀】　　名词是秃子，常要戴帽子，　　可数名词单，须用a或an，　　辅音前用a，an在元音前，　　若为特指时，则须用定冠，　　复数不可数，泛指the不见，　　碰到代词时，冠词均不现。　　【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。　　二、名词单数变复数规则　　【速记口诀】　　单数变复数，规则要记住，　　一般加s，特殊有几处：　　/s/结尾，es不离后，　　末尾字母o，大多加s，　　两人有两菜，es不离口，　　词尾f、fe，s前有v和e；　　没有规则词，必须单独记。　　【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④\n英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。　　三、名词所有格用法　　【速记口诀】　　名词所有格，表物是“谁的”，　　若为生命词，加“’s”即可行，　　词尾有s，仅把逗号择；　　并列名词后，各自和共有，　　前者分别加，后者最后加；　　若为无生命词，of所有格，　　前后须倒置，此是硬规则。　　【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，AofB要翻译为B的A。　　四、接不定式作宾语的动词　　【速记口诀】　　三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝；　　设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。　　【妙语诠释】三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise　　两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse　　设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide不要假装在选择：petend，choose五、接动名词作宾语的动词　　【速记口诀】　　Mrs.PBlackmissedabeefbag.(P·布莱克夫人丢了一个牛肉袋。)\n　　【妙语诠释】该句话中每个字母代表了一个动词或短语，这些动词要求后面跟动名词作宾语。这些动词分别是：　　M=mind，r=risk，s=succeedin，P=practice，B=bebusy，l=lookforwardto，a=admit，c=can’thelp，k=keepon，m=miss，i=insiston，s=suggest，s=stop，e=enjoy，d=delay，　　a=avoid，b=beworth，a=advise，g=giveup。　　六、不定式作宾语补足语时省to的动词　　【速记口诀】　　一感，二听，三让，四看，半帮助　　【妙语诠释】一感：feel；二听：hear，listento；三让：make，let，have；四看：see，notice，watch，ob-serve；半帮助：help。　　七、形容词和副词比较等级用法　　【速记口诀】　　1.比较级与最高级：两者比较than相连，三者比较the在前。　　2.同级比较：同级比较用原形，as…as永不离；as…as加not，只言两者是同一，若是notso…as，后强前弱不看齐。　　【妙语诠释】①比较级通常和than连用，而最高级通常跟有定冠词the；②同级比较一般用as…as表示“与…一样”，这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来，而notso…as则表示后者比前者强，翻译为“不如……”。　　八、反意疑问句用法　　【速记口诀】　　反意问句三要点，前后谓语正相反；　　短句not如出现，必须缩写是习惯；　　最后一点应注意，短句主语代词填。　　【妙语诠释】①反意疑问句的构成应该是“肯定的陈述句+否定的疑问”或“否定的陈述句+肯定的疑问”；②在短句中not必须与do，will，can等组成缩写形式；③在简短问句中，疑问句的主语必须是代词，而不能用名词形式。　　九、感叹句用法\n　　【速记口诀】　　感叹句，并不难，what、how放句前；　　强调名词用what，其余用how很简单。　　【妙语诠释】由what引导的感叹句一般修饰名词，而how引导的感叹句一般修饰形容词、副词或句子。十、宾语从句用法　　【速记口诀】　　宾语从句须注意，几点事项应牢记。　　一是关键引导词，不同句子词相异。　　陈述句子用that；一般疑问是否(if，whether)替；特殊问句更好办，引导还用疑问词。　　二是时态常变化，主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意；主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。　　三是语序要记清，从句永保陈述序。【妙语诠释】宾语从句应注意三点：①引导词，陈述句一般由that引导，这时的that可以省略；一般疑问句则由if或whe-ther引导；而特殊疑问句则由特殊疑问词引导。②时态，主句是现在时态，从句可用所需要的任何时态；但如果主句是过去时态，从句时态所表示时间一般往前移一个时间段。③语序，宾语从句永远要用陈述句顺序。阅读理解练习一Mr.Leewasinbedandwastryingtogotosleepwhenheheardthebellring.Heturnedonthelightandlookedathisclock.Itwastwelveo'clock."Whocanitbeatthistimeofnight?"Hethought.Hedecidedtogoandfindout.Sohegotofbed,putonhisdressinggown(浴袍)andwenttothedoor.Whenheopenedthedoor,therewasnobodythere."Thatisverystrange."Thenhewentbacktohisbedroom,tookoffhisdressinggown,gotbackintobed,turnedoffthelightandtriedtogotosleep.　　Afewminuteslaterheheardthebellagain.Mr.Leejumpedoutofbedveryquicklyandrushedtothedoor.Heopenedit,butagainhefound\nnoonethere.Heclosedthedoorandtriednottofeelangry.Thenhesawapieceofpaperonthefloor.Hepickeditup.Thereweresomewordsonit:"Itisnowaftermidnight(午夜),soitisAprilFool'sDay(愚人节).Aprilfooltoyou!"　　"Oh,itwastheEnglishboynextdoor!"Mr.Leeexclaimed(惊叫)andalmostsmiled.Hewentbacktobedandfeelasleepatonce.Thebelldidnotringagain.　　1.WhendidMr.Leegotobed?　　Hewenttobed_______.　　A.beforetwelveo'clock     B.aftertwelveo'clock　　C.whenthebellrang        D.whenhesawtheboy　　2.Whydidherushtothedoorwhenheheardthebellringthesecondtime?　　A.Hewantedtoopenthedoorforthevisitor　　B.Hewantedtofindoutwhothevisitorwas.　　C.Hewasafraidofthering　　D.Hewaswaitingforsomeone.　　3.Fromthispassage,welearnthatwecan_______onAprilFool'sDay.　　A.say"Hello"toeachother    B.danceandsingatnight　　C.playjokesoneachother     D.sendpressentstochildren　　4.WhatdidMr.LeethinkabouttheEnglishboy?　　Hethoughthe_________.　　A.wasagoodboy                        B.wasfriendlywithhim\n　　C.shouldn'tringthebellatmidnight   D.didadangerousthingjustnow　　答案及解析：　　　　1．A．此题是一道细节题，文章第一自然段的前三个句子就告诉了此题的答案。　　　　2．B．文中有这样的句子"Whocanitbeatthistimeofnight?"，此句说明Mr.Lee很想知道是谁在午夜时来敲门。3．C．此题是一道常识题，因为大家都知道在愚人节这天，人们可相互开玩笑。　　　　4．B．英国男孩和Mr.Lee开玩笑，说明他把Mr.Lee看成朋友，所以答案是B。二　Babieslovechocolateandsometimestheyalsoeatthepaperaroundit.Mycatenjoysamealofgood,thickpaper,oldletters,forexample.Shedoesnotlikenewspapersverymuch　　Ofcourse,thebestpapercomesfromwood.Woodcomesfromtrees,andtreesareplants.Vegetablesandfruitareplants,too,andweeatalotofthem.Socanwealsoeatwoodandpaper?　　Scientistssay,"Allfoodcomesinsomewayfromplants."Well,isthattrue?Animalseatgrassandgrowfat.Thenweeattheirmeat.Littlefisheatlittlesea-plants,thenbiggerfishswimalongandeatthe……Chickenseatbitsofgrassandgiveus……Thinkforaminute.Whatfooddoesnotcomefromplantsinsomeway?　　Scientistscandowonderfulthingswithplants.Theycanmakefoodjustlikemeatandcheese.Andtheycanmakeitwithoutthehelpofanimals.Itisverygoodfood,too.Nowtheyhavebeguntosay,"Wemakeourpaperfromwood.Wecanalsomakefoodfromwood.Thenextthingisnotverydifficult."Whatisthenextthing?Perhapsitis-foodfrompaper.Scientistssay,"Wecanturnpaperintofood.Itwillbegood,cheapfood,too,cheaperthanmeatorfishoreggs."\n　　Sopleasekeepyouroldbooksandletters.(Don'tfeed[喂]yourcat.)Oneday,theywillbeonyourplate,ifwhatscientistssaymaycometrue.　　1.Thewriterasksustokeepouroldbooksandlettersbecause_______.　　A.theyareusefulforreading　　B.Theymaybeusedtofeedcats　　C.Wecanmakefoodfromthemsoon　　D.wecanreadthematbreakfast　　2.Fromthepassage(段落)，wecaninfer(推断)that_______donotcomefromplantsinsomeway.　　A.fewkindsoffood      B.meatandfish　　C.cheeseandchicken     D.woodandpaper　　答案及解析：　　　　1．C．本题是细节题，答案可在倒数第一自然段找到。　　　　2．A．文中有这样的句子"Whatfooddoesnotcomefromplantsinsomeway?"。说明作者认为，不管是什么样的食物，几乎都来自"plants"，所以答案是A。三InEnglandrecentlythreeforeigngentlemencametoabusstopandwaited.Aboutfiveminuteslater,thebustheywantedcamealong.Theywerejustgoingtogetonwhensuddenlytherewasaloudnoisebehindthem.Peoplerushedontothebusandtriedtopushthemoutoftheway.Someoneshoutedatthem.Thebusconductorcamerushingdownthestairstoseewhatallthetroublewasabout.Thethreeforeignersseemallatseaandlookedembarrassed(窘迫的.NoonehadtoldthemabouttheBritishcustom(习惯)ofliningupforabusthatthefirstpersonwhoarrivesatthebusstopisthefirstpersontogetonthebus.\n　　　　Learningthelanguageofacountryisn'tenough.Ifyouwanttohaveapleasantvisit,findoutasmuchaspossibleaboutthemannersandcustomsofyourhostcountry.Youwillprobablybesurprisedjusthowdifferenttheycanbefromyourown.AvisitortoIndiawoulddowelltorememberthatpeoplethereconsideritimpolitetousethelefthandforpassingfoodattable.Thelefthandissupposedtobeusedforwashingyourself.AlsoinIndia,youmightseeamanshakinghisheadatanothertoshowthathedoesn'tagree.ButinmanypartsofIndiaashakeoftheheadmeansagreement.Nodding(点头)yourheadwhenyouaregivenadrinkinBulgariawillmostprobablyleaveyouthirsty.　　　　Inthatcountry,youshakeyourheadtomean'yes'-anodmeans'no'.AtamealincountriesontheArabicPeninsula,youwillfindthatyourglassisrepeatedrefilledassoonasyoudrinkup.Ifyouthinkthatyouhavehadenough,youshouldtakethecuporglassesinyourhandandgiveitalittleshakefromsidetosideorplaceyourhandoverthetop.　　　　InEuropeitquiteusualtocrossyourlegswhenyouaresittingtalkingtosomeoneevenatanimportantmeeting.DoingthisinThailand,however,couldbringabouttrouble.Also,youshouldtrytoavoid(避免)touchingtheheadofanadult(成人)--it'sjustnotdoneinThailand.　　　　1.TheBritishpeopletriedtopushthethreegentlemenoutoftheway,becausethegentlemen_________.　　　　 A.wereforeigners　　　　 B.didn'thavetickets　　　　 C.madealoudnoise　　　 D.didn'tlineupforthebus　　　　2.Accordingtothearticle,ifyouwanttohaveapleasantjourneyinaforeigncountry,youshould_________.　　　　 A.learnthelanguageofthecountry　　　　 B.understandthemannersandcustomsofthecountry　　　　 C.haveenoughtimeandmoney\n　　　　 D.makefriendswiththepeoplethere　　　　3.InIndiaitisconsideredimpolite___________.　　　　 A.tousetherighthandforpassingfoodattable.　　　　 B.topassfoodwiththelefthand.　　　　 C.toeatfoodwithyourhands.　　　　 D.tohelpyourselfattable.　　4.Tocrossone'slegsatanimportantmeetinginEuropeis_______.　　　　 A.acommon(平常的)habit　　　　　B.animportantmanner　　　　 C.aserious(严重的)trouble　　　D.abadmanner　　5.Thebesttitle(题目)forthisarticleis________.　　　　 A.People'sEverydayLife　　　　B.MindYourManners　　 C.ShakingandNoddingHead　　　D.TakingaBusinEngland　　答案及解析：　　　　1．D。这是一道句子理解题，也可以看成细节题。在第一自然段的最后，有这样的句子：　NoonehadtoldthemabouttheBritishcustomofliningupforabusthatthefirstpersonwhoarrivesatabusstopisthefirstpersontogetonthebus．从此句可知那三位先生并不知道在英国乘车的习惯，所以答案是D。　　　　2.B。这是一道细节题。答案在第二自然段的第二个句子。\n　　　　3．B。同第二题一样，此题也是细节题。可在第二自然段直接找到答案。　　　　4．A。单句理解题。最后一个自然段中有说：InEuropeitisquiteusualtocrossyourlegsWhenyouaresittingtalkingtosomeoneevenatanimportantmeeting．这个句子的意思是：在欧洲，开会时翘二郎腿是很常见的。这说明许多人有这样的习惯，所以答案应该是A。　　　　5．B。通读全文就会发现，只学习一门外语是不够的，还要多了解该国的风俗习惯，否则就会遇到麻烦，所以答案是B。四Tomwalkedintoashop.Itbadasignoutside:"Second-hand(旧的)clothesboughtandsold."Hewascarryinganoldpairoftrousersandaskedtheowneroftheshop,"Howmuchwillyougivemeforthese?"Themanlookedatthemandthensaid:"Twodollars."　　　　"What!"saidTom."Ihadguessedtheywereworthatleastfivedollars."　　　　"No,"saidtheman,"theyaren'tworthacentmorethantwodollars."　　　　"Well,"saidTom,takingtwodollarsoutofhispocket."Here'syourmoney.Thesetrouserswerehangingoutsideyourshop.Thelistprice(标价)ofthemwassixdollarsandahalf.ButIthoughtthatwastoomuchmoney,soIwantedtofindouthowmuchtheywerereallyworth."　　　　Thenhewalkedoutoftheshopwiththepairoftrousersanddisappearedbeforetheshopownercouldthinkofanythingtosay.　　　　1.AtfirsttheowneroftheshopthoughtthatTom__________.　　　　 A.wantedtostealthetrousers　　　　　 B.wantedtosellthetrousers　　　　 C.wantedtofoolhim　　　　　　　　　　　 D.wantedtobuythetrousers\n　　　　2.Theowneroftheshop_______　fortheoldtrousers.　　　　 A.wouldgiveTomtwodollars　　　　　 B.wouldpaythreedollars　　　　 C.wouldpayfivedollars　　　　　　　 D.wouldgiveTomsixdollarsandahalf　　　　3.Theshopownerinsistedthatthetrouserswereworthonlytwodollarsbecause____.　　　　 A.hewantedtosellthemcheaply(廉价地)　　　　 B.hewantedtobuythemcheaply　　　　 C.hedidn'tlikethetrousers　　　　 D.theywereoldanddirty　　　　4.Infact,thetrousers_________.　　　　 A.werehanginginsidetheshop　　　　　 B.werestolenbyTomfromtheshop　　　　 C.hadbeentheshopowner's　　　　　　 D.hadbeenTom's　　　　5.Fromthestoryweknowthat_________cheaperthanthelistprice.　　　　 A.theownersoldthetrouserstwodollars　　　　 B.Tomsoldthetrousersonedollarandahalf　　　　 C.theownerboughtthetrousersthreedollars　　　　 D.Tomboughtthetrousersfourdollarsandahalf　　答案及解析：\n　　　　1．B．Tom拿着一条裤子并且问："Howmuchwillyougivemeforthese?"店主所以认为Tom是来卖裤子的，故答案是B。　　　　2．A．此题是细节题，可在第一自然段的末尾找到答案。　　　　3．B．店主当然想便宜地把裤子买下来。　　　　4．C．从短文的倒数第二段可以了解到，裤子不是Tom的而是店主的。　　　　5．D．裤子的标价是6.5美元，而Tom只给了店主2美元，所以答案应该是D。五　BigBenisnotthenameofaman.Itisthenameofahuge（庞大的）clockinLondon.LondonisthecapitalofEngland.Thisclockhasfourfaces.So，nomatterwhereyoustand，youcanreadthetimeonthefaceofBigBen.Eachfaceisthesizeofadoubledecker（层）bus.Thehandsareaboutfourmetreslong.Itisaboutthesizeoftwopeoplestandingontopofeachother.IfyougotoLondon，youmaywanttovisittheHousesofParliament（国会大厦）.ThereyouwillfindBigBensitsatthetopoftheclocktower（塔）intheHousesofParliament.Maybeyouwillhearitaswellasseeit.Thehugeclockmakessuchaloudnoise."Dingdong，dingdong，"itgoeseveryquarterofanhour.　　　　Theclockwasnamedafterabigman.HewasSirBenjaminHall.ThismandidmuchbuildingworkinLondonmanyyearsago.　　　　1.BigBenis______________.　　　　 A.adoubledeckerbus　　 B.ahugeclock　　　　　　　　 C.thenameofBen  　　 D.abuilding　　　　2.Theclockstrikesevery_______ofanhour.　　　　 A.tenminutes　　　　 B.fifteenminutes　　　　　　 C.thirtyminutes　　　 D.forty-fiveminutes　　　　3.YoucanreadthetimeofBigBen_________.\n　　　　 A.atthetopoftheclocktower　　　　　　　　 B.intheHousesofparliament　　　　　 C.onthehandsofthehugeclock　　　　　　　 D.onthefourfacesoftheclock　　答案及解析：　　　　1．选B，根据第一行BigBenisnotthenameofaman.Itisthenameofahuge（庞大的）clockinLondon.可以判断BigBen是一个大钟的名字。　　　　2．选B，根据文中"Dingdong，dingdong，"itgoeseveryquarterofanhour.即可得知大钟每15分钟敲一次。　　　　3．选D，Thisclockhasfourfaces.So，nomatterwhereyoustand，youcanreadthetimeonthefaceofBigBen.其他三项均不符合题意。六Thepolicedomanythingsforus.Theyhelpkeepourthingsandussafe.Theyhelpkeepcarsmovingsafely.Theytakecareofpeoplewhoarehurt.Thentheyseethesepeoplegettoadoctor.　　　　Thepolicegoaroundtowntoseethateverythingisallright.Theygetaroundtowninmanyways.Someofthemwalkorgobycar.Insomebigcities，someofthepolicerideonhorses.Itisstrangetoseetheseanimalsinthestreet.　　　　Astheygoaroundtown，thepolicehelppeople.Sometimestheyfindlostchildren.Theytakethechildrenhome.Ifthepoliceseeafight，theyputanendtoitrightaway.Sometimespeoplewillaskthepolicehowtogettoaplaceintown.Thepolicecanalwaystellthepeoplewhichwaytogo.Theyknowallthestreetsandroadswell.　　　　Somepolicestandatcrossings.Theytellthecarswhentogoandwhentostop.Theymakesurethatthecarsdonotgotoofast.They\nhelpchildrencrossthestreet.Theyalsohelppeoplewhocan'twalktoowell.　　　　Withoutthepolice，ourstreetswouldnotbesafe.Carsmightgotoofastandhurtpeople.Lostpeoplemightneverbefound.Thepolicedoagoodjob.Weneedthem.Andweshouldthankthemforajobwelldone.　　　　根据短文内容，选择正确答案。　　　　1.Thepolicedomanythingsforus.Theyhelpkeepourthingsandus_____.　　　　 A.warm　　　　　　　 B.clean　　　　　　　 C.quiet　　      　　 D.safe　　　　2.Howdosomeofthepolicegetaroundinsomebigcities?　　　　 A.Bytaxi.　　　　　　 B.Onhorses.　　　　　 C.Bybus.　   　　 D.Onbikes.　　　　3.Inthetext，"putanendto"means"____".　　　　 A.stop　　　　　　　 B.cut　　　　　　　 C.kill　　   　　 D.fly　　　　4.Thetextismainlytalkingaboutthe_____ofthepolice.　　　　 A.life　　　　　　　　 B.road　　　　　　　 C.job　　　     　　 D.day　　答案及解析：　　　　1．选D，根据第一段，Theyhelpkeepourthingsandussafe."警察可以保障我们安全"，因此选safe。　　　　2．选B，Someofthemwalkorgobycar.Insomebigcities，someofthepolicerideonhorses.在一些大城市里面，警察是骑马的，因此选B。\n　　　　3．选A，文中划线部分Ifthepoliceseeafight，theyputanendtoitrightaway.根据句意可以理解为stop。　　　　4．选C，本题是总结全文的mainidea，总揽全文，可以知道是在说警察的职责，因此选job。七GadgetsforWorkandPlay　　　　It's7:45inthemorning，and26-year-oldSteveClarksonisgoingtowork.Heputsonhisjacket，andpicksuphismobilephoneandlaptop.Asheleavesthehouse，heturnsonhisMP3playerandputsonhisheadphone.Heisreadytogo.　　　　Today，formillionsofpeople，gadgetslikeClarkson'sareanormalpartoflife."I'mareporterforamagazine，andI'musuallynotintheoffice.Mymobilephoneandlaptophelpmetodomyworkbothontheroadandathome，"saysClarkson.Todaymanypeoplecanchecke-mails,sendmessages，orsurftheWeb，usingtheirmobilephones.　　　　TinaFangisstudyingphotographyinNewYorkCity."Someofthesegadgetsareexpensive，buttheycansaveyourmoneyinthelongrun.Ihaveadigitalcamera.Icanuseittotakeeightypicturesandshootvideo(recordanimageontovideo)atthesametime.IlistentomusiconmyMP3player，andIcandownloadandreadbooksonit，too.IusethecameraandMP3forbothlearningandfun."　　　　It'snow9:45.SteveClarksongetsane-mailsfromhis17-year-oldsister.Shehasagadgetthatletshersende-mails，playgames，andtakenotes.　Sheisinclassrightnow."Ie-mailedherback.Itoldhertostopplaying，andpayattention,"laughsClarkson."Thesegadgetsarefun，butsometimestheycandistract(分散注意力)people，too."　　　　1.WhatisSteveClarkson?　　　　　　　　　 A.Astudent.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.Areporter.　　　　 C.Abusinessman.　　　　　　　　\n　　　　 D.Acomputerprogrammer.　　　　2.Whichofthefollowingthingsisnotagadget?　　　　 A.Apicture.　　　　　　 B.Alaptop.　　　　 C.AnMP3player.　　　 D.Amobilephone.　　　　3.Whenhissisterhadlessons，Stevetoldher_____.　　　　 A.topaynoattention　　　　　　　　　　 B.toe-mailhimbackrightaway　　　　 C.tostopplayinggames　　　　　　　　　 D.tolistentomusicontheMP3player　　答案及解析：　　　　1．选B，根据第二段中I'mareporterforamagazine，andI'musuallynotintheoffice.可知SteveClarkson是个reporter.　　　　2．选A，选项A:apicture不属于gadget，其他三项均在文中提到过，属于gadget。　　　　3．选C，根据文中"Ie-mailedherback.Itoldhertostopplaying，andpayattention，"可知选C。八Haveyoueverbeenill?Whenyouareill，youmustbeunhappybecauseyourbodybecomeshot，andtherearepainsalloveryourbody.Youdon'twanttowork，youstayinbed，feelingverysad.　　　　Whatmakesusill?Itisgerms(细菌).Germsareeverywhere.Theyareverysmallandyoucan'tfindthemwithyoureyes，butyoucanseethemwithamicroscope.Theyareverysmallandtherecouldbehundredsofthemonaverysmallthing.\n　　　　Germsarealwaysfoundindirtywater.Whenwelookatdirtywaterunderthemicroscope，weshallseetheminit.Soyourfatherandmotherwillnotletyoudrinkdirtywater.　　　　Germsaren'tfoundonlyinwater.Theyarefoundinairanddust.Ifyoucutyourfinger，ifsomeofthedustfromthefloorgoesintothecut(割开处)，someofthegermswouldgointoyourfinger.Yourfingerwouldbecomebigandred，andyouwillhavemuchpaininit.Sometimesthegermswouldgointoallofyourbody，andyouwouldhavepaineverywhere.　　　　根据短文内容，选择正确答案。　　　　1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?　　　　 A.Ifthingsareverysmall，theyaregerms.　　　　 B.Ifthingscan'tbeseen，theymustbegerms.　　　　 C.Germsareonlyindirtywater.　　　　 D.Germsareeverywherearoundus.　　　　2.Whatisamicroscopeusedfor?　　　　 A.Makingverysmallthingslookmuchbigger.　　　　 B.Makingverybigthingslookmuchsmaller.　　　　 C.Helpingyoureadsomenewspapers.　　　　 D.Helpingyouifyoucan'tseethingsclearly.　　　　3.Whydon'tyourparentsletyoudrinkdirtywater?　　　　 A.Youhaven'tlookedatitcarefully.　　　　　 B.Watercan'tbedrunkinthisway.　　　　 C.Theremustbelotsofgermsinit.　　　　　 D.Waterwillmakeyouill.\n　　　　4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?　　　　 A.Germscanbefoundbothinwaterandintheair.　　　　 B.Germscangointoyourfingerifitiscut.　　　　 C.IfyourtemperatureisnotOK，theremustbegermsinyourbody.　　　　 D.Ifyourfingerisn'tcut，therearen'tanygermsonit.　　　　5.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?　　　　 A.Germsmaymakeusill.　　　　　　　　 B.Germsareindirtywater.　　　　 C.Don'tdrinkdirtywater.　　　　　　　　 D.Takecareofyourfingers.　　答案及解析：　　　　1．选D，根据第四段中Germsaren'tfoundonlyinwater.Theyarefoundinairanddust.可以排除C选项。A，B选项明显不符合题意，只有选D，并且根据第二段Itisgerms(细菌).Germsareeverywhere.可以确定正确答案。　　　　2．选A，根据文中Theyareverysmallandyoucan'tfindthemwithyoureyes，butyoucanseethemwithamicroscope.可以知道microscope是显微镜。确定选A。　　　　3．选C，文中说到Germsarealwaysfoundindirtywater.因此父母不让喝脏水。　　　　4．选D，根据文章可以判断A，B，C均为正确答案，而D项不正确，即使手不被割破，也会有细菌的。　　　　5．选A，总揽全文，可以确定答案为A，Germsmaymakeusill。九Hundredsofyearsago，aRomanarmycamenorthfromEnglandtomakewaronScotland.TheScots，abrave\npeople，lovedtheircountryverymuch.TheyfoughthardtodrivetheenemyoutofScotland，butthereweretoomanyRomans.ItlookedasiftheRomanswouldwin.　　　　Onenight，theleaderofScotsmarchedhissoldierstothetopofahill."Wewillrestheretonight，mymen,"hesaid."Tomorrowwewillfightonemorebattle.Wemustwinorwewilldie."　　　　Theywereallverytired，sotheyatetheirsupperquicklyandfellasleep.Therewerefourguardsonduty，butthey，too，wereverytired，andonebyone，alsofellasleep.　　　　TheRomanswerenotasleep.Quicklytheygatheredatthefootofthehill.Slowlytheyclimbedupthehillside，takingcarenottomakeasound.CloserandclosertheycametothesleepingScots.Theywerealmostatthetop.Afewminutesmore，thewarwouldbeover.Suddenly，oneofthemputhisfootonathistle(蓟).HecriedoutandhissuddencrywoketheScots.Inamoment，theywereontheirfeetandreadyforbattle.Thefightingwashardbutitdidnotlastlong.TheScotswipedouttheRomansandsavedtheircountry.　　　　Thethistleisnotabeautifulplant.Ithassharpneedlesalloverit.Fewpeoplelikeit.ButthepeopleofScotlandlikeditsomuchthattheymadeittheirnationalflower.　　　　根据短文内容，选择正确答案。　　　　1.Hundredsofyearsagotherewasawarbetween________.　　　　 A.RomanarmyandNorthEngland　　　　　　 B.RomanarmyandtheScots　　　　 C.EnglandandScots　　　　　　　　　　 D.abravepeopleandtheScots　　　　2.AtfirstitlookedasiftheRomanswouldwinbecause________.　　　　 A.theScotswerenotbrave\n　　　　 B.theRomanarmywassostrong　　　　 C.theScotsdidnothaveagoodleader　　　　 D.theRomanshadthesupportfromtheScottish　　　　3."Wemustwinorwewilldie."WhattheleaderoftheScotssaidmeans________.　　　　 A.theyweresuretowin　　　　 B.theycouldn'tescapefromdeath　　　　 C.theywouldwinandthentheywoulddie　　　　 D.theymusttryhardtowin，otherwisetheywouldbekilled　　　　4.TheRomansclimbedupthehillquietlybecause________.　　　　 A.theydidn'twanttowaketheScots　　　　 B.theywantedtoreachthetop　　　　 C.theywantedtocatchthefourguardsfirst　　　　 D.theywereafraidofthesharpneedlesofthethistle　　　　5.ThepeopleofScotlandmadethistletheirnationalflowerbecause________.　　　　 A.itisabeautifulplant　　　　 B.itisfreshandlovely　　　　 C.ithadsomanysharpneedlesalloverit　　　　 D.itwasthethistlethathelpedtheScotstowinthebattle　　答案及解析：　　　　1．选B，文中很明显的指出，这场战争是Romanarmy和theScots之间的。\n　　　　2．选B，TheyfoughthardtodrivetheenemyoutofScotland，butthereweretoomanyRomans.ItlookedasiftheRomanswouldwin.是因为Romans太强大。因此选B。　　　　3．选D，"Wemustwinorwewilldie."的意思是"我们必须胜利，否则我们会死掉"，因此选D。　　　　4．选A，theRomans悄悄爬山的原因是不想吵醒theScots，以便偷袭。　　　　5．选D，根据文中大意，可得出正确答案。十Asmanyas10ofthe17kindsofpenguins（企鹅）maybeindangerofdisappearing.Thenumberofpenguinshavedecreased(减少)by30%since1987.　　　　Penguinsareblackandwhitebirdsthatliveinthesouthernpartoftheworld.TheyarecommoninSouthAmerica，NewZealand，AustraliaandSouthAfrica.Marylivenearcoldwaters.ButsomelivenearwarmwatersinGalapagosIslands.Penguinscannotfly，buttheyarefineswimmers.Penguinseatfishandkrill(磷虾).　　　　Thewarmingoftheearthisthedecreaseinpenguinpopulations.Theheatingoftheairhascausedoceanwaterstobecomewarmer.Higherwatertemperatureshavereducedthesupplyoffishandkrill.Someyearslaterthesebirdsarecompletelyunabletoreproduce(繁殖).　Besides，manyadultpenguinsdieofhunger.　　　　Widespread(广泛的)fishing，explorationforoilandoilleaks(漏)alsomakepenguinsbeindanger.Poisonousorganisms(生物)inoceanwaterareanotherdanger.Penguinsalsohavetheirenemies，includingwilddogs，sharks，sealsandsealions.　　　　Newsaboutpenguinsisnotallbad，however.Severalyearsago，oilleakingfromashiphurt40%ofthepenguinsinSouthAfrica.Thepenguinsbecamecoveredwithoil.Butthousandsofpeoplehelpedcleanandtreatthebirdswell.Thentheyreturnedthepenguinstothewild.　NowtheseSouthAfricanpenguinsarereproducinginhighernumbersthanbeforetheoilleaking.\n　　　　根据短文内容，选择正确答案。　　　　1.Penguins___________.　　　　 A.canswimbetterthanfly　　　　 B.canbefoundnearOceania(大洋洲)　　　　 C.eatfishonly　　　　 D.liveonlyincoldwaters.　　　　2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthecauseofpenguin'sdecreaseinnumbers?　　　　 A.Oilsearching.　　　　　　 B.Widespreadfishing.　　　　 C.Human'skilling.　　　　　 D.Warmingoftheoceans.　　　　3.WhyarethepenguinsinSouthAfricareproducinginhighernumbersthanbeforetheoilleaking?　　　　 A.Becausepeopleremovedtheship.　　　　 B.Becausepeoplesentalotofpenguinstothewild.　　　　 C.Becausepeoplehelpedthepenguins.　　　　 D.Becausepeopletreatedthepenguinswell.　　答案及解析：　　　　1.选B，我们知道企鹅不会飞，因此A不正确，除了吃鱼，他还吃磷虾，因此C不正确。只能选B。　　　　2.选C，本文中并没有说人类是如何捕杀企鹅，相反，人类对企鹅的态度相当友好。　　　　3.选C，根据文章可以判断是由于人类的帮助。十一　\nMyfriendMattandIarrivedattheActivityCentreonFridayevening.Theaccommodationwasn'twonderful，butwehadeverythingweneeded(beds，blankets，food)，andwewerepleasedtobeoutofthecityandinthefreshair.　　　　OnSaturdaymorningwemettheothertenmembersofourgroup.Cameronhadcomealongwithtwofriends，KevinandSimon，whilesistersCaroleandLynnhadcomewithAmanda.ThereweresomeothermembersIdidn'tknow.Wehadcomefromdifferentplacesandnoneofusknewthearea.　　　　Weknewweweregoingtospendtheweekendoutdoors，butnoneofuswassureexactlyhow.Halfofusspentthemorningcavingwhiletheotherswentrock-climbingandthenwechangedatlunchtime.MattandIwenttothecaves(岩洞)first.Climbingoutwasharderthangoingin，butafteragooddealofpushing，wewereoutatlast.Thoughwewerecoveredwithmud，wewerepleasedandexcitedbywhatwe'ddone.　　　　根据短文内容，选择正确答案。　　　　1.ThewriterspenttheSaturdaymorning_____.　　　　 A.rock-climbing　　　　　　 B.sleeping　　　　　　 C.meetingfriends　　　　　　 D.caving　　　　2.Therewere_____membersinallinthewriter'sgroup.　　　　 A.6　　　 B.8　　　 C.l0　　　 D.12　　　　3.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_____.　　　　 A.someofthegrouphadbeentherebefore　　　　 B.thegrouphaddonerock-climbingmanytimes　　　　 C.someofthegroupalreadykneweachother\n　　　　 D.groupallcamefromthesamecity　　　　4.Thewritethoughtherweekendwas_____.　　　　 A.interesting　　　　　　　　 B.relaxing　　　　 C.frightening　　　　　 　　 D.unpleasant　　　　5.Thispassagemainlytalksabout____.　　　　 A.thewriter'sfriendsattheActivityCentre　　　　 B.thewriter'sexperienceattheActivityCentre　　　　 C.outdoorsportsattheActivityCentre　　　　 D.howtogorock-climbingandcaving　　答案及解析：　　　　1.选D，根据文中说明Halfofusspentthemorningcavingwhiletheotherswentrock-climbing.MattandIwenttothecaves(岩洞)first.可以判断出应该选择D。　　　　2.选D，MattandI还有theothertenmembers。　　　　3.选C，A.B.D.均可以从文中找到证据证明其是不正确的。我们知道Cameronhadcomealongwithtwofriends，可以知道C项是正确的。　　　　4.选A。　　　　5.选B，总揽全文，可以知道B项为最佳答案。