初中英语被动语态 11页

初中英语被动语态一、被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。如：1.Heopenedthedoor.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）2.Thedoorwasopened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）(1)被动语态的用法：①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Amanwaskilledintheaccident.(一个人死于事故)/Thiswindowwasbrokenyesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Riceisalsogrowninthisplace.(这个地方也种水稻)/Arailroadwillbebuilthereinthreeyears.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：ItwaswrittenbyLuXun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/Apetdogisneverkilledbyitsowner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)(2)主动语态如何改写为被动语态：         (3)注意点：①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Hewasgivenadictionarybyhisteacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Adictionarywasgiventohimbyhisteacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/Hisfathermadehimakite.→Akitewasmadeforhimbyhisfather.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：Thebossmadethepoormanwork12hoursaday.→Thepoormanwasmadetowork12hoursaday.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：Thegirltakesgoodcareofherlittlebrother.→Thegirl’slittlebrotheristakengoodcareofbyher.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：\nHeispleased/worried/tired/…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)Hewashit/knockeddown/told/shot/…….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)二、被动语态的构成被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明：2、被动语态的句式变化：以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：3、含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。如：1.Tablescanbemadeofstone.桌子可由石头制造。2.Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）3.Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）三、主动语态变为被动语态1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：1.Tomkilledhim.→HewaskilledbyTom.2.Ihithim.(主)→Hewashitbyme.(被)（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。注意：Theyheldameetingyesterday.→Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他们昨天开会了。（3）将主动句的主语改为by的宾语，放在谓语动词后。注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。Hesangasong.→Asongwassungbyhim.2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：　含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。1.Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告诉了我们真相。WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.2.Jacktoldthetruthtous.ThetruthwastoldtousbyJack.3.Tomgavemeapen.(主)IwasgivenapenbyTom.(被)4.Tomgaveapentome.（主）ApenwasgiventomebyTom.(被)※write,make,bring等的被动语态则只能以直接宾语（表物）作主语。1.Youbroughtmeabigcake.(主)Abigcakewasbroughttomebyyou.(被)2.Shewrotemealetter.(主)Aletterwaswrittentomebyher.(被)四．注意事项：1.主动语态变为被动语态，句子的时态保持不变。1.Iwillgivehimapen.(主)Hewillbegivenapenbyme.(被)2.在感官动词或使役动词后作补语的动词，在被动语态中用不定式。1）IheardyoutalkwithPeter.(主)我听到你和彼得谈话。YouwereheardtotalkwithPeter.(被)2）Isawhercomeoutoftheclassroom.(主)我看见她出了教室。Shewasseentocomeoutoftheclassroombyme.(被)\n3）make/letsbdosthSbbemade/lettodosth3.主动语态中如用people,somebody等作主语，被动语态中可省略宾语。1.Peopleeatwatermelonsinthesummer.(主)Watermelonsareeateninthesummer.(被)在夏天吃西瓜。4.否定句的被动语态中，not放在第一个助动词后。1)Youshouldnotblameme.(主)你不应该责怪我。Ishouldnotbeblamedbyyou.(被)2)Youshouldnotwritethisletter.(主)你不应该写这封信。Thislettershouldnotbewrittenbyyou.(被)5.疑问句的被动语态中，用BE代替DO。1)Doesshedrivethiscar?(主)Isthiscardrivenbyher?(被)2)Whatshallwedonext?(主)Whatwillbedonebyusnext?(被)6.祈使句的被动语态形式为：let+宾语+be+过去分词。Openthedoorplease.(主)Letthedoorbeopenedplease.(被)7.主动语态中有复合人称代名词时，被动语态的形式为:主动语态的主语+BE+过去分词。1.Tomhurthimself.(主)Tomwashurt.(被)8.下列动词（词组）没有被动式：1）系动词：以主动形式表示被动之意常见的系动词有：①be动词②……起来（7个）：look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem,appeare.g.Sheseems/appearshappy.Itsmellsterrible.③(逐渐)变得/变成：become,grow,get,turn,come,goe.g.1.Hiswishhascometrue.2.Peopleoftenwenthungryintheolddays.3.Thetreeisgrowingtall.④保持：keep,staye.g.Wemustkeepquietinthereadingroom.2）happen,takeplace,breakout（爆发）,belongto,cost,take3）不及物动词sell,wash,read,write,open,close,shut,lock,wear等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。　1、Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.2、Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香。3、Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好。4、Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。5、Thekindofclothwasheswell.这种布很容易洗。6、Thearticlereadswell.这篇文章读起来很好。7、Thesupermarketopensat8:00inthemorning.超市在早上八点钟营业。8、Thedoorwon’tclose/shut.这门关不上。9、Thedoorlockseasily.这门容易锁。10、Thismaterialwearswell(won’twear).这种材料耐久（不耐久）六、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）1．一般现在时（am/is/are+done）⑴.Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld.世界上的许多人都说英语。⑵.ClassmeetingisheldeveryThursday.每周四都举行班会。\n⑶Theclassroomiscleanedbythestudentseveryday.学生们每天都打扫教室。2．一般过去时(was/were+done)⑴.Thecupwasbrokenbytheboy.杯子被那个男孩打碎了。⑵.Hewassavedatlast.他最终获救了。⑶Mybikewasstolen.我的自行车被偷了。3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/shallbe+done;would/shouldbe+done)⑴.Aspeechwillbegiventhisafternoon.今天下午有一个演讲。⑵.Anewroadwillbebuiltnextyear.明年要修一条新马路。⑶Ithoughtthousandsofpeoplewouldbehelped.我认为将有数千人得到帮助。4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/is/arebeing+done;was/werebeing+done)⑴.Themachinewasbeingrepairedatthistimeyesterday.昨天这时，机器正在被修理。⑵.Theproblemisbeingdiscussednow.问题正在被讨论。⑶.Abusisbeingpushedbythepassengers.路人正在推一辆公共汽车。5．现在完成时(have/hasbeen+done)⑴.Twohundredtreeshavebeenplantedbynow.到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。⑵.Thebookhasbeenreadmanytimesbyme.这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。6．过去完成时(hadbeen+done)⑴.Theysaidtheyhadbeeninvitedtotheparty.他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。⑵.Shefoundthehousehadbeendestroyedbythestorm.她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。⑶.Hehadbeentorturedbytheillnessformanyyearsbeforehedied.他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。 七.Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.”。有： Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…众所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家认为，Itissuggestedthat…据建议。　八..英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例Thiskindofclothwasheswell. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：Thedoorwon'tlock．（指门本身有毛病） Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 九.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何印出来的呢？ 十.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel,sound,taste,look,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.十一.\n非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。 1．在need，want，require,bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）．这房子需要修理。 2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．）被动语态专项练习Ⅰ单项选择1.Goodbooks____againandagain.A.shouldbereadedB.shouldbereadC.mustreadD.oughttoread2.Thechildren____bythenurse.A.werelookedB.lookedafterC.werelookedafterD.looked\n3.He___somepiecesofadvice,buthe____tothem.A.gave,didn'tlistenB.wasgiven,wasn'tlistenedC.give,wasn'tlistenedD.wasgiven,didn'tlisten4.When____theaccident_____?A.was,happenB.did,happenC.is,happenD.was,happened5.Thequestion____byussoon.A.isgoingtodiscussB.willdiscussC.isgoingtobediscussedD.hasbeendiscussed6.Thelab____aboutfiveyearsago.A.wasbuildedB.wasbuiltC.buildsD.hasbeenbuilt7.Alotoftallbuildings_____inhishometowninthelastthreeyears.A.havesetupB.havebeensetupC.weresetupD.setup8.They____printing500copiesbytheendoflastmonth.A.hadfinishedB.havefinishedC.hadbeenfinishedD.havebeenfinished9.Rice___also_____intheirhometown.A.is…grownB.is…grewC.was…grewD.was…grown10.He____bytheteachers.A.isalwayspraisedB.praisesC.havebeenpraisedD.alwaysispraised1.Greatchanges____place.Manynewschools____.A.havetaken,havebeenopenedB.take,areopenC.aretaken,openD.havebeentaken,areopened12.Thepicture______inOctober,1996.A.wastakingB.hadbeentakenC.wastakenD.hadtaken13.Wecan'tusethebridgenow,becauseit______.A.hasbeenrepairedB.isrepairingC.isrepairedD.isbeingrepaired14.I______thewaytotherailwaystationbyapoliceman.A.wasshownB.showedC.haveshownD.wasshowing15.Thewar______in1941.A.brokeoutB.hadbeenbrokenoutC.wasbrokenoutD.hadbrokenout16.Whenwater______,itwillbechangedintovapor(蒸汽).A.isheatedB.heatingC.hasheatedD.heats17.Wecan'tentertheroombecauseitsdoor______.A.lockedB.locksC.islockedD.islocking18.They______dayandnight.A.aremadeworkB.aremadetoworkC.madetobeworkedD.aremakingtowork19.Chang'anRoadis______ofpeople.A.filledB.fillC.fullD.fulled20.Man-madesatellites______intospacebymanycountries.A.wassentupB.issentupC.havebeensentupD.hasbeensentup21.ThisEnglishsong_____often_____bythechildren.A.is,singingB.is,sungC.will,singD.was,sung22.Thewindowsofourhouse_____onceaweek.A.mustcleanB.havecleanedC.iscleanedD.arecleaned23.When______thePeople'sRepublicofChina_____?\nA.was,foundB.was,foundedC.did,foundD.does,found24.Mary'sradio______bymybrotherjustnow.A.willbemendedB.hasmendedC.wasmendedD.mended25.Yourexercisebooks_____afterclass.A.willhandinB.musthandinC.handedinD.mustbehandedin26.Sometreesmay______atothertimesoftheyear.A.beplantedB.plantC.areplantedD.willbeplanted27.Thesun_____atnightasusual.A.canbeseenB.can'tseeC.can'tbeseenD.doesn'tsee28.AnewEnglishplay_____therenextweek.A.willputonB.willbeputonC.isgoingtoputonD.willbeputtedon29.Astrangething_____inourschoolyesterday.A.washappenedB.hasbeenhappenedC.happenedD.wasgoingtohappen30.Theglass______.It_____bylittleTomthismorning.A.broke,isbrokenB.isbroken,wasbrokenC.wasbroken,brokeD.hasbeenbroken,broken21.Ipromisethatmatterwill_______.A.betakencareB.betakencareofC.takecareD.takecareof22.Nopermissionhas________foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD.begiven23.I_______tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven24.Cansuchathing_____happeningagain?A.preventfromB.preventedfromC.bepreventedfromD.topreventfrom25.Anewhouse________atthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding26.Thisbike________lastyear.A.boughtB.hasbeenboughtC.wasboughtD.hadbeenbought27.Didyouseethehousethat_______byfirelastyear?A.wasdestroyingB.destroyedC.woulddestroyD.wasdestroyed28.It_______whethershewillgetherworkinthehospital.A.hasn’tbeendecidedB.isn’tdecidingC.doesn’tdecideD.hasn’tdecided29.Thepen_______me.Itishers.A.isn’tbelongtoB.wasn’tbelongtoC.doesn’tbelongtoD.didn’tbelongto30.Ican’tusemybikebecauseit_______.A.isrepairingB.isbeingrepairedC.willrepairD.wasrepairing31.Thechairmantoldthespeakerthatshe______tospeakalittleloudersoastomakeherself_____.A.wasexpected;heardB.hadexpected;hearC.hadhoped;hearD.washoped;heard32．-Thewindowisdirty.—Iknow.It_____forweeks.A.hasn’tcleanedB.didn’tcleanC.wasn’tcleanedD.hasn’tbeencleaned33.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasium_______inBeijing.\nA.wouldbecompletedB.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompletedD.hadbeencompleted34.—Howlong_______atthisjob?—Since1990.A.wereyouemployedB.haveyoubeenemployedC.hadyoubeenemployedD.willyoubeemployed35.—Whathappenedtothepricelessworksofart?—_______.A.TheyweredestroyedintheearthquakeB.TheearthquakewasdestroyingthemC.TheydestroyedintheearthquakeD.Theearthquakedestroyedthem36.ThisisTed’sphoto.Wemisshimalot.He______tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling37.Rainforests______andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut38.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoaneasytaskbecausetechnology_______sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschanged.willhavechangedD.willchange39.Hundredsofjobs_______ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose40.Anewcinema_______here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt初中英语被动语态专项练习1ThePeople'sRepublicofChina___onOctober1,1949.A.foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound2English____inCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken3ThisEnglishsong___bythegirlsafterclass.A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensangD.isoftensung4Thiskindofcar___inJapan.A,makesB.madeC.ismakingD.ismade5Newcomputers___allovertheworld.A.isusedB.areusingC.areusedD.haveused6Ourroommust___clean.A.keepB.bekeptC.tobekeptD.tokeep7-I'dliketobuythatcoat.-I'msorry.___.A.itsoldB.it'ssellingC.It'sbeensoldD.ithadbeensold8Anewhouse___atthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding9Thekey___onthetablewhenIleave.A.wasleftB.willbeleftC.isleftD.hasbeenleft10Doctors___ineverypartoftheworld.A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed11Hisnewbook___nextmonth.A.willbepublishedB.ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished\n12Japanese___ineverycountry.A.isnotspokenB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isnotspeaking13Thesepapers___yet.A.havenotwrittenB.havenotbeenwrittenC.hasnotwrittenD.hasnotbeenwritten14Thesportsmeet___behelduntilnextweek.A.didn'tB.won'tC.isn'tD.doesn't15—Myshoesarewornout.—_______________A.Can'ttheybemended?B.Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdotheycost?D.Can'ttheymended?16___thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are17___thesedesksbeneeded?A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do18Why___totalkaboutityesterday?A.didn'tameetingholdB.wasn'tameetingheldC.wasn'theldameetingD.ameetingwasn'theld19Whowasthebook___?A.writeB.wroteC.writtenD.writtenby20Where___theseboxesmade?A.wasB.wereC.isD.am21Theflowers___often.A.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater22Thebooksmay___fortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow23Theteachermadehim___hishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done24Theboy___streetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean25Thesechildren____dance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto26Thesestones___well.A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted27Thebike___500yuan.A.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted28Theimportantmeeting___onacoldmorninglastyear.A.washadB.washeldC.heldD.had29Greatchanges___inthepasttenyearsinChina.A.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace30Youcan'tusethecomputer,it____.A.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC.isbadD.hasbrokendown31Greatchanges___inourcountryduringthepast20years.A.havehappenedB.happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened\n32Thewatchhasoften___down.A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell33Pleasepassmeanothercup.Thisone___.A.isbrokenB.isbreakingC.brokeD.broken34Thestorybooks___bythewriterinthe1960s.A.arewrittenB.werewrittenC.arewritingD.werewriting35Whattime___thedoor___everyday?A.does;closedB.does;closeC.is;closedD./;close36Canhe___himself?A.getdressB.getdressedC.getsdressedD.insteadof37Hefellfromhisbikeand___.A.ishurtB.getshurtC.gothurtD.hurt38.Lookout,pleasekeepawayfromthefire,oryourtrouserswill__A.burntB.burnC.burningD.getburn39Theapple___verysweet.A.istastedB.tasteC.tastesD.aretasting40You___morebeautifulinthelightblueshirt.A.seeB.watchC.lookD.lookat41Whatyousaid___.likeagoodidea.A.heardB.listenedC.soundD.sounded42-WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay?-Wonderful.Itisworth___asecondtime.A.watchingB.watchedC.seenD.seeing43.Howdirtythetablesare!Theyneed___.A.tocleanB.cleanC.cleaningD.cleaned44.Thebookisworth___.A.seeingB.readingC.seenD.read45Thebrokenbike____herebyMrSmith.A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemended46Theoldbridgeinmyhometown___nextmonth.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willrebuiltC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.aregoingtorebuilt47Theplay___atthetheatrenextSunday.A.isgoingtobeshownB.willshownC.willshowD.isshown48Theoldstonebridge___nextweek.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild49Nowthesemagazines___inthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekeptB.arekeepingC.havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept50Thepot___for___hotwater.A.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD.areused;keep51Tea___inthesouthofChina.A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD.willgrow55Thebridges___twoyearsago.WOIt'saHaidiantopproblemA.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt56Wetclothesareoften___upnearafireinrainyweather.A.hangB.hangedC.hangingD.hung\n57Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust___dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing58Theteapot___water.A.isfilledwithB.filledofC.fullingofD.filled59Oldpeoplemustbelooked^fterwelland___politely.A.speaktoB.spokenC.speakD.spokento60Oldpeoplemust___.A.lookafterwellB.belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafterD.belookedafterwell61Newly-bornbabies___inhospital.A.aretakengoodcareB.aretakengoodcareofC.takegoodcareofD.takegoodcare62Theywere___atthesuddennoise.A.frighteningB.frightenedC.frightenD.frightens63Thesewalls___stone.A.aremadeofB.madeofC.aremadeintoD.madeinto64Jane___tosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday.A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid65Thepapers___tothem.A.wereshownB.showC.shownD.haveshown66Thecoat___hersister.A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto67I___fiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven68Goodcare____suchthings.A.shouldtakeofB.shouldbetakenC.shouldbetakingD.shouldbetakenof