高中英语从句综合讲解 6页

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  • 2022-09-01 发布

高中英语从句综合讲解

  • 6页
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【宾语从句】在英语中,有简单句(只含一个谓语动词)、并列句(用连词连接,含不止一个谓语动词)和复合句(含从句)。本节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句。如:Sheknowsthathewillcomebacksoon.I’mafraidthatIcan’tgotoyourparty.1.宾语从句的【引导词】宾语从句的引导词分三种。●(1)如果从句是陈述句,引导词用that.(that在口语中常省略)主句:Hesays...从句:Heistiredofplayingcomputergames.→Hesaysthatheistiredofplayingcomputergames.●(2)如果从句是一般疑问句,引导词用if/whether,表示“是否”。主句:Idon’tknow…从句:DoesTomlikesfish?→Idon’tknowif/whetherTomlikesfish.【注意】①whether引导的从句常与ornot连用,而if不能;②宾语从句可简化为whethertodo的搭配,而没有iftodo这种搭配.如:CouldyoutellmewhetherIshouldfinishmyhomeworktodayornot?Couldyoutellmewhethertofinishmyhomeworktoday?【拓展】if有两个意思:1.表示“是否”,引导的是宾语从句。动词的时态视情况而定。2.表示“如果”,引导的是条件状语从句,时态用一般现在时表示将来(遵循“主将从现”规则)。经典例题:--DoyouknowifTom____________(go)hikingwithus?--I’mnotsure.Butifhe____________(go),Iwilltakemanyphotoswithhim.●(3)如果从句是特殊疑问句,直接用该疑问词来引导。主句:Doyouknow…从句:whatdoeshewanttobuy?→Doyouknowwhathewantstobuy?你知道他想要买什么吗?2.宾语从句的【时态】■(1)当主句是一般现在时,从句根据情况使用任何时态如:ShewantstoknowifIhavefinishedmyhomework.她想知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。Doyouknowwhenhewillbeback?你知道他将会什么时候回来?■(2)当主句是一般过去时,从句应使用过去的某时态如:Hesaidthatshewassinging.他说她正在唱歌。ShewantedtoknowifIhadfinishedmyhomework.她想知道我是否已经完成了作业。Didyouknowwhenhewouldcomeback?你知道他将会什么时候回来?【注意】格言和客观真理总是用一般现在时。如:Shetoldmeyesterday(that)theearthtravelsaroundthesun.6\n3.宾语从句的【语序】★宾语从句要用陈述语序。(而不是疑问语气)如:Doesheworkhard?Iwonder.→Iwonderif/whetherheworkshard.Whendidheleave?Idon’tknow.→Idon’tknowwhenheleftChina.【特殊情况】What’swrongwith…?作宾语从句不需变语序What’sthematterwith…?如:What’swrongwithhim?Idon’tknow.→Idon’tknowwhat’swrongwithhim.4.宾语从句的【否定转移】在英语里通常不会出现“Ithink(that)heisn’tright.”而会把否定转移到主句中“Idon’tthink(that)heisright.”5.宾语从句的【虚拟语气】在含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词(如advice,suggest,insist,require,request等)后,宾语从句要用“should+动词原形”结构,should常省略。如:Isuggestthathe(should)studyharder.【这就是为什么study用原形】【定语从句】一.定义:在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。二.特点:1.先行词:定语从句所修饰的名词或代词2.关联词:1)引出定语从句,并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语,作宾语可省略。2)关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间。关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose代指先行词。关系副词:when,where,why作时间状语。三.基本结构:先行词+关联词+定语从句剩余部分四.关系代词的用法:1.that和whichthat指人或物,作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略,主语不能。Which指物,不指人,作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略,主语不能。Hisfatherworksinafactorythat/whichmakesTVsets.Thecoat(which/that)Iputonthedeskisblack. 注意:TheroominwhichIliveisverybig.(在介词后面不能用that)2.只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句:1)先行词被形容词最高级修饰时,定语从句只能用thatThisisthemostinterestingstory(that)Ihaveeverheard.6\n2)先行词被序数词修饰时,定语从句只能用thatThechildrenlikethesecondlessonthatisabout“TheFootballMatch”.3)先行词被theonly,thevery或thesame等修饰,定语从句只能用that引导。Itistheonlyword(that)Iknowinthepassage.Whereistheverybook(that)Iboughtjustnow?Thisisthe(same)bicycle(that)Ilost.4)先行词为everything,something,anything,all,none,much,little,few等不定代词时,定语从句只能用thatIwanteverything(that)Iwant.Iamwritingtotellyouaboutsomethingverystrangethathappenedtomelastweek.5)先行词被不定代词all,any,no,every,little,much,many修饰时,只能用thatHereisallthemoney(that)Ihave.6)先行词是同时含有“人和物”的名词时,定语从句只能用thatIcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepictures(that)Iseeintheroom.7)定语从句所修饰的词为theone时,定语从句用that引导Isittheone(that)youwant?8)为了避免重复,在疑问词who之后,用that引导定语从句Whoisthegirlthatwonthefirstplace?3.who和whomwho指人,在句中作主语和宾语,作宾语可省略。Whom指人,在句中只能作宾语,可省略,但在介词后面不能省略。WhoistheteacherthatXiaoLiistalkingto?ThedoctorwithwhomshewenttotheUnitedStateslastmonthisveryfamous.=Thedoctorwho/whom/thatshewenttotheUnitedStateswithlastmonthisveryfamous.介词+关系代词=关系副词介词+关系代词(人只能用whom,物只能用which)五.关系副词的用法:1. when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.when=onwhich2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词只有表示原因的reason一词.Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforschool.【状语从句】6\n状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。以下是应当关于状语从句的几点注意:1.asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反;有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。译作“仿佛……似的;好像……似的”。Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.2.由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.3.though,although引导的让步状语从句,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.Thoughthesoreishealed,yetascarmayremain.4.as,though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词原形提前)。Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.5.“nomatter+疑问词”或“疑问词+-ever”。Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在省略,时态的替代,语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四个方面。1.成分的省略(1)在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中,如果主语是it或与主句的主语一致,且谓语动词含有be时,可把从句的主语和be一起省略。Don'tspeakuntil(youare)spokento.Docometoseemewhenever(itis)possible.(2)在比较状语从句中,可省略与主句相同的部分。Iknowyoumorethanhe(knowsyou).TomistwoyearsolderthanAlice(is).(3)as(尽管)引导让步状语从句倒装时,表语提前,且其前的冠词要省略。Heroasheis,hehasshortcomings.6\n2.时态的替代(1)在时间、条件和让步状语从句中须用一般现在时替代一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来时。Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon'tgofishing.Don'tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.(2)Themore...themore...句型中,前句起条件状语从句作用,故用现在时表将来。Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou'llmake.(3)after,before,assoonas等连词本身就暗示了时间的先后,因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时,而不会产生时间上的混乱。IwenttobedafterI(had)finishedmyhomework.Thefilmstar(had)leftbeforethereporterarrived.Hegotdowntoworkassoonashe(had)gotothefactory.3.语序的倒装(1)nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely/barely...when...句型中的主句常用过去完成时,从句常用一般过去时,且置于句首时主句要倒装。Nosoonerhadhegothomethanitbegantorain.(2)so/such...that...,notuntil...置于句首时主句要倒装。Soangrydidshefeelthatshecouldn'tspeak.NotuntilhetoldmethetruthdidIrealizewhathadhappened.4.连词的辨析。根据上下文的语意推断属于哪种状语从句,然后选择连词。【补充】【连词】连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语,谓语与谓语,句子与句子,分词与分词的词,它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用;而从属连词一般连接主句与从句,从句形式有名词性从句,定语从句和状语从句等。(一)并列连词:并列连词可用来连接词与词,词组与词组,分句与分句。常用的并列连词有:and(和),aswellas(既…又),both…and(不但…而且),notonly…butalso(不但…而且),not…but(不是…而是),neither…nor(既不…也不),either…or(不是…就是),or(或者),but(但是),yet(然而),for(因为),so(所以),while(而),when(这时)等。如:Bothmybrotherandmysisterareteachers./Hisroomisbrightbutmineisgloomy(暗沉沉的)./Hecannotonlyrepairradiosbutalsofixthem./Itisaglorious(光荣的)yetdifficulttask./Strikewhileironishot.(二)从属连词6\n从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有:引导时间状语从句的:after,before,when,as,while,since,until,till,assoonas引导原因状语从句的:because,since,as引导让步状语从句的:although,though,nomatter(无论),evenif(though)引导条件状语从句的:if,unless,once,so(as)longas引导结果状语从句的:so…that…,such…that…引导目的状语从句的:sothat…,inorderthat…引导比较状语从句的:as…as…,notso(as)…as…,…than…引导方式状语从句的:asif…(就像…一样),as(尽管)引导主语,宾语或表语从句的连词主要有:that,whether,if三个。其中that和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。6

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