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初中英语语法讲解和分类练习

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阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台语法(词法Ⅰ)一.考点透视知识与能力要求重难点问题归纳中考热点分析预测应试策略二.知识讲解名词代词冠词数词形容词、副词介词三.典型例题四.强化训练及答案一.考点透视【知识与能力要求】1.掌握所学单词的形态变化。2.掌握简单句的五种基本句型,四笔头练习基本正确。3.能理解不复杂的、含有状语从句或宾语从句的复合句。4.掌握动词的五种基本时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时)的基本用法。5.能理解并初步掌握过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时的基本用法。6.掌握一般现在时(包括含有情态动词的一般现在时)、一般过去时的被动语态的基本用法。7.掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法(作主语和定语的用法只要求理解)。【重难点问题归纳】语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此,单词的形态变化和简单句的五种基本句型是语法学习的基础之基础。五种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中毕业班学生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。五种基本时态中的一般过去时和现在完成时的基本用法及其区别是学习的难点。状语从句中的时态问题,宾语从句中的主语和谓语的语序问题是学生感到头痛的问题。被动语态是中国学生最不喜欢学习和使用的一种语态。因此,学生在学习时,时常感觉到很困难。动词不定式是初中英语语法中的一个重点。不定式在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等用法均要求掌握,特别是一些动词,有些后面要求跟不定式作宾语,有些则要求跟动词一ing形式作宾语。总之,语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好,将大大加快英语学习的进程。【中考热点分析预测】语法部分历年来是中考的必考内容。考试的范围广,涉及单词词形变化、基本句子结构、五种基本时态搬动语态、不定式用法以及状语从句、宾语从句,等等。近年来,在教学改革方面加大了对听说教学的力度,初中段以培养学生的交际能力为主,为高中段的英语学习打好基础,对语法知识的要求作了调整,降低了难度,但考查的范围并没有减小。单纯考语法知识的题比以前明显减少。试题往往设置一个情景,在对话中考查时态及基本句型。当然,有些语法项目设置在单句中,如:不定式、被动语态以及词语搭配。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台语言学习是一个积累的过程,不记住相当数量的词语、习惯用语。句型和语法规则,是学不好英语的。因此,对词形变换、句型结构、状语从句中的时态以及常用的五种基本时态的考查仍将是中考命题的热点。【应试策略】动词及其时态是英语学习最重要的部分,也是学习的难点。被动语态也是学习的难点。宾语从句和状语从句是复合句中最重要、最常用的结构,是初中毕业生必须掌握的从句。注意现在时、过去时和将来时及现在完成时的基本用法以及句中的副词(包括时间副词)的用法,尤其要注意过去时与现在完成时的区别。宾语从句要注意从句结构的语序(连接词+从句的主语+从句的谓语+……)问题和时态问题(主句是过去时,从句必须用过去时的某种形式);状语从句要注意在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时态。动词、时态与语态与从句一定要在大量课文和对话的句子中反复操练,才能真正学会。只要你在复习和应试中注意以上几点,考试就一定能取得好成绩。二.知识讲解【名词】1.名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加apieceof这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。2.名词的复数(1)规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。B.以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的加-es。如:bus---buses,box---boxes,watch---watches,brush---brushesC.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。如:city---cities,country---countriesD.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es。(2)不规则变化A.元音发生变化。如:man---men,woman---women,foot---feet,tooth---teeth,mouse---miceB.词尾发生变化。如:child---childrenC.单、复数同形。如:fish---fish,Japanese---Japanese,Chinese---Chinese,sheep---sheep3.物质名词(不可数名词)量的表示方法(1)用much,alittle,alotof等表示(2)用容器表示abowlofrice,aglassofwater,acupoftea,apieceof,orange,twoglassesofmilk,twopiecesofpaper4.名词的所有格(1)名词所有格的构成法A.单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’s。theworker'sbike,theChildren’sballB.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’s。如:ThisisLucyandLicy’sroom.TheseareKate'sandjack’srooms.C.如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如:thestudents’books,thegirls’blouses(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:thelegsofthedesk,thedooroftheroom但在表示名词所有格时,’s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.如:tenminutes'walk,today'snewspaper【代词】人称代词,物主代词,反身代词类别主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数Imemyminemyself复数weusouroursourselves第二人称单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称单数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves1.人称代词人称代词it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,I。而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序。2.物主代词物主代词的用法:形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3.反身代词1)反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词:性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.2)反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如:Ienjoyedmyselfattheparty.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:IcanotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台doitmyself.3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有:enjoyoneself,helponeselfto,learnbyoneself,teachoneself,(all)byoneself,leave...byoneself,loseoneselfin等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较:“Helpyourselvestosomefish,TomandMike.”与Ican’tleavethegirlbyherself.指示代词指示代词的特殊用法:(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。不定代词主要不定代词的用法:(1)one的用法A.one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物。B.one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。C.one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰。D.常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别:it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别A.some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。B.some,any与—thing,—body,—one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。C.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。D.some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定。E.some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”。(3)other,another的用法数种类单数复数泛指another=anotherother(boys)others特指theothertheother(boys)theotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台others功能作主语、宾语、定语作定语作主语、宾语A.another=another"另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如:Iwanttohaveanothertwocakes.我想再吃两个蛋糕。B.theother表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用。常见形式是“one...theother...”。C.other+复数名词=othersD.theother+复数名词=theothers(4)a11、both的用法both表示“两者都……”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都……”。a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前。(5)each和every的用法A.each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。B.从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either,neither,both的用法either:指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。neither:指两者都不,全否定。作主语谓语用单数。both:指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。(7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意:alotof/lotsof/plentyof=much/manyalarge/greatnumberof=manyagreat/gooddealof=much(8)few,afew,little,alittlefew,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”;afew,alittle表示肯定含义,有一些”。few,afew用在可数名词前,little,alittle用在不可数名词前。【冠词】1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前,其余用不定冠词a.2.定冠词的基本用法A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。3.定冠词的特殊用法A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F.用在乐器名称前。G.和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台4.名词前不用冠词的情况A.在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。D.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。(sit)attable就餐;sitatthetable坐在桌边gotoschool去上学;gototheschool去那所学校;inhospital住院;inthehospital在那个医院里【数词】1.数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。1,000以上的数字,从后向前第三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion。2.序数词除了first,second,third外,其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。3.分数分子在前,分母在后,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1小时,分母序数词要变成复数。4.Hundreds(thousands,millions)of……用法。【形容词,副词】形容词1.形容词的位置(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:somethingimportant,nothingserious。(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置。如:Wehavedugaholetwometersdeep.Theholeisabouttwometresdeep.2.形容词的比较等级(1)单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加—(e)r,—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如:popular———morepopular———mostpopularimportant—moreimportant—mostimportant(2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwellbadworseworstilloldolderoldesteldereldestmanymoremostmuchlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthestotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台3.形容词比较级的用法形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式,具体而言,它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:(1)as+原级+as(2)比较级+than(3)the+最高级+of(in)...需注意的原级的用法:(1)否定结构有A..。notas+形容词原级+asB及A...notso+形容词原级+asB两种结构。(2)表示倍数有...timesas+形容词原级+as的句型。如:Thisgardenistentimesaslargeasthatone.Thisroomistwiceaslargeasthatone.(3)halfas+形容词原级+as表示“……的一半”。如:Thisbookishalfasthickasthatone.需注意的比较级的用法:(1)than后面接代词时,一般要用主格,但在口语中工也可换成me。(2)比较级前还可以用much,even,still,alittle来修饰。(3)表示倍数时,试比较Ourroomistwiceaslargeastheirs.我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。Ourroomistwicelargerthantheirs.我们的房间比他们的大两倍。(4)I’mtwoyearsolderthanyou.我比你大两岁。(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:Hebecomesfatterandfatter.(6)"The+比较级…,the+比较级”表示“越……,越……”。如:Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.他越忙就越高兴。需注意的最高级的用法:(1)常见结构有:“of+复数意义的词”表示“在……之中的”,“在……中”;“in+范围、场所”表示“在……之中”。如:Heisthetallest“alltheboys”.Chinaisthegreatestintheworld.副词1.副词比较级的构成(1)单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。(2)绝大多数副词借助more,most来构成比较级和最高级。(3)少数副词的不规则变化:原级比较级最高级wellbetterbestbadlyworseworstmuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfarthestfurthestlatelaterlatest(4)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台(5)常用句型有likeAbetterthanB和likeA(the)bestof(in)…其余变化和形容词类似。2.常见副词用法(1)too,eitherToo一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句时用either。(2)ago,beforeago以现在为起点,和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点,常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时,泛指“以前”,常和完成时连用。如:Ihaveheardthemanbefore。我以前听说过那个人。【介词】一些容易混淆的介词1.表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别at主要表示:(1)在某具体时刻之前,如atseveno’clock,at7:30。(2)在固定短语中,如:atnoon,atnight,atthattime,attheageofattheweekend,atChristmas。On用来表示“在……天”,如:OnMonday,OnMaylst,OnChildren’sDay。in用来表示:(1)在某年、某月、某季节。(2)在—段时间之后,如:intwohours,inafewdays。注意:在纯粹地表示在上午/下午/晚上时,用inthemorning/afternoon/evening,但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如:onMondaymorning,onthemorningofChildren’sDay。2.表示地点的at,in,on的用法区别(1)at通常指小地方,in一般指大地方。(2)at所指范围不太明确,in指“在……里”。(3)in指在内部,on指“在……之上”。3.表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别for后面接时间段,since之后接时间点。4.表示时间的before与by的用法区别before与by都可表示“在……之前”,但by含有“不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。5.over与above(under与below)over,above都表示“在……的上面”,over表示“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”,over还可表示“越过……”。over的反义词是under,above的反义词是below.例如:ThereisabridgeovertheriverOurplaneflewabovetheclouds.6.表示“用”的with,by,in的用法with多指用工具,用身体的部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言。如:Weseewithoureyes.Wegotherebybike.PleasesayitoutinEnglish.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Hecutitopenwithaknife.介词的省略表示时间介词at,on,in的省略(1)在next,last,this,these,today,yesterday,tomorrow,one,every,each,all等词前,一般不用at,in,on.(2)在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如:(on)thatday,(in)theyearbeforelast常见搭配1.动词+介词,如:listento,laughat,writeto,hearfrom,getto,lookat,shoutat,shoutto,knockat,lookfor,lookat,askfor,waitfor,geton,getto,puton,turnon,operateon,takeoff,turnoff,learnfrom,worryabout...2.形容词+介词,如:afraidof,fullof,angrywith,strictwith,busywith,goodat,good/badfor,latefor,sorryfor,readyfor,famousfor,politeto,farfrom...3.名词+介词/介词+名词keyto,visitto,athome,insurprise,afterclass,forever,ontime,atlast,atfirst,forexample...三.典型例题【名词】[例1](1)—Howfarisyourschoolfromhere?—Notveryfar.It'sabouttwenty______walk.A.minute'sB.minutes’C.minutesD.minute(2)Itisabout______fromtheschooltomyhome.A.tenminuteswalkB.tenminutes’walkC.tenminutes’swalkD.tenminute’swalk分析上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词,选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关系,因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的’s也可以加在一个短语之后,若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s,则只加“’’。如:anhour’sride,twoweeks’time。因而(1)、(2)小题答案均为B。[例2]Haveyouseen______atthefootofthehill?A.anysheepB.somesheepsC.anysheepsD.somesheep分析此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形;any一般用在疑问句和否定句里,some用在肯定句里。答案为A[例3]—Whoisthemaninthebluecar?—Heis______father.A.Kate'sandMary'sB.KateandMary'sC.KateandMaryD.ofKateandMary分析本题考查名词所有格的构成及方法。两个并列的所有格,只给第二个名词加“’s”。[例4](哈尔滨市,2003)---WhereisTom?---He’sleftasayingthathehassomethingimportanttodo.A.excuseB.messageC.exerciseD.news分析此题考查名词的用法,由a知道选项A、C、D不行,故选B。答案选B解后反思anexcuse(一个借口),anexercise(一个练习)……,news(新闻)是不可数名词。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台[例5](天津市,2003)HehadsomethingtowritedownandaskedmeforA.apaperB.somepapersC.somepiecesofpapersD.apieceofpaper分析此题考查不可数名词的用法。Paper作“纸”讲时是不可数名词,故A、B、C可排除。答案:选D解后反思paper当“试卷”、“文件”讲时是可数名词。类似的词还有:fish,chicken等。【代词】[例1]用所给词的适当形式填空。1)Thisisn’t_______(I)book,itmustbe_______(you).2)Isthereanymilkinthebottle?Yes,thereis______(little).分析第1小题第一空要用形容词性物主代词my,用于修饰名词book,第二空则要用名词性物主代词yours,相当于yourbook。第2小题应用alittle表示肯定:“有一点儿”。[例2]Therearemanytreeson________oftheroad.A.bothsideB.eachsidesC.bothsidesD.everyside分析此题主要考查不定代词both,each和every的用法。both为“两者”(都)”,作定语时,其后接复数名词;作主语时,要用复数谓语动词。either为“两者中间的任何一个(的)”,作定语时,后接单数可数名词;作主语时,要用单数谓语动词。every意为“每个(的)”,作定语,只用于三者或三者以上。又因马路road(rive,street等)只有两侧,所以正确答案只能是C。[例3]1)“Help______tosomemooncakes”,HanMeimeisaidtothetwins.A.youB.oneselfC.yourselfD.yourselves2)—Putonyourclotheswhenyougoout.—Thankyou.Mum.Icanlookafter______.A.meB.IC.ourselvesD.myself分析这是一组考查反身代词用法的试题。反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语,不能单独使用、不能替代主格代词,但可用在主格代词后以加强语气。还常用于某些短语中,如:byoneself独自,enjoyoneself玩得愉快,teachoneself自学,helponeselfto…随便吃(用)……等。因此上二题答案均为D。例4](广东省,2003)Thereiswithmycomputer.Itdoesn’twork.A.nothingwrongB.anythingwrongC.wrongsomethingD.somethingwrong分析本题考查形容词与不定代词的位置关系,形容词修饰不定代词应放在不定代词之后,而anything用于否定句和疑问句,由Itdoesn’twork知选D。答案:D解后反思考虑词的使用范围并结合语境是解决本题的关键。【冠词】[例1]选择填空1)Giveme_______,please.A.acupteaB.twocupofteaC.twocupD.twocupsoftea2)Theteacherpassedme_____paper.A.apieceB.apieceofC.pieceofD.apairof第1小题主要考查学生对可数名词与不可数名词的掌握情况,tea是不可数名词,不能用数量词直接修饰,但可以用容器表示量,表容器的名词可变为复数形式,即可以说twocupsoftea,此题选D。第2小题答案选B。paper一词是不可数的,要表示“一张纸”,英语应为apieceofpaper,不能说apaper。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台[例2]_____deliciousfoodyouhavecooked!A.HowaB.HowC.WhataD.What分析不定冠词表示数量,类似“-”,修饰单数可数名词。不可数名词前不可用a、an修饰。在感叹句“Whata/an+adj.+n.+(主+谓)!”结构中,名词必是单数可数名词。若是不可数名词应用“What+adj.+n.+(主+谓)!”结构。句中food是不可数名词,故答案为D。[例3](1)Wealwayshave______ricefor______lunch.A./;/B.the;/C./;aD.the;the(2)It’shalfpastfourintheafternoon.Thestudentsareplaying_____basketballnow.A./B.anC.aD.the分析下列情况不用任何冠词:1)专用名词(John、England)、物质名词(food,rice,water)等前;2)一日三餐的名词前;3)在表示球类运动的名词前。因此第(1)小题正确答案应为A;第(2)小题答案为A。[例4](天津市,2003)---What’sthematterwithyou?----IcaughtbadcoldandhadtostayinbedA.a,/B.a,theC.a,aD.the,the]分析本题考查冠词的用法和习惯表达。躺在床上译为stayinbed,而感冒译为catchcold或catchacold,但cold有形容词修饰时则a不可省略。答案:选A【数词】[例1]1)______booksmusthe-producedforthechildren.A.ManythousandsB.ManythousandsofC.ManythousandofD.Manythousand2)We'veplanted______treesinthecentreofourcitythisyear.A.hundredB.towhundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof分析本题考查数词的用法。当thousand或hundred做数词时,前面一般加数来修饰,其本身没有数的变化,且后不跟of。当它们做名词时,其复数形式为thousands和hundreds,且构成thousandsof和hundredsof,后接可数名词的复数形式。答案分别为B、D[例2]About____oftheworkersintheclothesfactoryarewomen.A.thirdfifthsB.thirdfifthC.threefifthsD.threefifth分析此题主要考查英语的分数表示法。分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母的序数词后需加“s”。例如:1/3onethird;2/3:twothirds.通过分析A、B、D三项均错,答案为C。[例3]Julyis________monthoftheyear.A.sevenB.theseventhC.eightD.theeighth序数词用来表示数目的顺序,七月份是一年中的第七个月,第七个月的正确表达为theseventhmonth,所以此题的正确答案为B。例4](重庆市,2003)Myfavouriteisgettingstamps.IneedbeforeIhave2500ones.A.moreoneB.anymoreC.onemoreD.morethan分析此题考查数词与more相结合的用法,数词+more表示还有(要)……,在此正好符合题意。答案:选C解后反思morethan是“多于”之意,anymore用于否定句表示“不再”。【形容词、副词】otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台[例1]Intheexam,the______youare,the______mistakesyou'llmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;lessC.morecareful;fewD.morecareful;fewer分析“the+比较级……,the+比较级……”这个句型结构的意思是“越……就越……”或“愈是……则愈是……”。此结构中的比较级可以是形容词,也可以是副词。答案D[例2]I’mnotsurewhetherMarycansing________Mabel.A.aswellasB.asgoodasC.sogoodasD.asbetteras分析此题考查了两个知识点:(1)副词和形容词用法的区别:(2)as…as句式。句中谓语动词是行为动词,应选副词。B、C项应排除.as…as中间应用副词或形容词原级,所以答案应为A。[例3]Let’shopethethingscanget______.A.betterandbetterB.wellandwellC.goodandgoodD.bestandbest分析答案为A。两个比较级并列在一起,表示“越来越……”之意,此句主要考查比较级特殊句型“moreandmore”结构,该句式表示持续不断变化,其动词常是become,be,get,grew等,又如:Springhascome.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.[例4](甘肃省,2003)IamIwantapieceofbreadA.fullB.hungryC.tiredD.thirsty分析此题在语境中考查形容词的用法。由后句意“我要一块面包”说名与“饿”有关,故选B。答案:选B。[例5](天津市,2003)Inourcity,it’sinJuly,nutitiseveninAugust.A.hotter,hottestB.hot,hotC.hotter,hotD.hot,hotter分析此题考查形容词及比较级的用法。前空应填原级,后空有even修饰要用比较级,故选D。答案:选D解后反思如下几个形容词的比较级和最高级要双写最后的辅音字母再加-er或-est。big-bigger-biggest,hot-hotter-hottest,fat-fatter-fattest,thin-thinner-thinnest,wet-wetter-wettest。简记为:大(big),热(hot),湿纸(wet),谁(肥,fat)瘦(thin)?(利用谐音记)[例6](山西省太原市,2002)Thelittlegirllikesanimals.WhensheheardIwouldtakehertothezoo,shelookedatme.A.happyB.happilyC.angryD.angrily分析由句意知C、D可以排除,又此句中lookat是行为动词而不是连系动词,故选B答案:B解后反思形容词和副词都具有修饰作用,但是各自修饰的对象不同,形容词修饰名词,作定语,或在连系动词后作表语。而副词修饰行为动词,形容词或副词作状语。【介词】[例1]用正确的介词填空。1)Thelittlegirlislooking________hermother.2)Thankyou________yourhelp.3)Don'tread________bed.4)Tomcomes________theUSA.第1小题要填for,因为lookfor是一个固定词组,表示寻找的行为。第2小题填for,既可说Thanksfor…也可以说Thankyoufor…,for后接名词。第3小题填in。表示“在床上”inotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台bed,一般不说onbed。第4小题comefrom一个固定短语,意思相当于befrom,表示“来自…”。[例2]Chinalies_______theeastofAsiaand______theeastofJapan.A.in;onB.to;toC.to;inD.in;to解析表示方位的介词in,on,to意义各不相同。在范围内的地方用in。China属于Asia范围内,故先用in;不在范围内的地方用to,若两地相连,则要用介词on,China和Japan不属同一范围且有海相隔,故选择to。因此答案为D。四.强化训练及答案【名词】选择正确答案1.Thereareforty______inourschool.A.womenteachersB.teacherwomenC.womanteachersD.womenteacher2.Mr.Liisoneof______inthehospital.A.mostpopulardoctorsB.themostpopulardoctorsC.mostpopulardoctorD.themostpopulardoctor3.Thesign"NOPHOTOS"meansthatyoucan't______.A.takepicturesB.bringinpicturesC.buyanyphotosD.sellanyphotos4.Someoftheboysin______areafraidofmathsexams.A.ClassThreeB.theClassThreeC.ThreeClassD.theThreeClass5.Haveyougotany______forusthistime?A.piecesofmessageB.pieceofmessagesC.piecesofmessagesD.messages6.______,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.InafewyearstimeB.AfterafewyearstimeC.Inafewyears’timeD.Afterafewyearstime7.HongKongisanSARwhileMacaoisanother.Sothereare______inChina.A.bothSARB.bothSARSC.twoSARD.twoSARS8.Look!Thereare______starsupthereinthe______.A.thousandsof;skyB.thousandsof;airC.thousandof;skyD.thousandof;air9.Myfatherlivedin______forsometenyears.A.cityBeijingB.theBeijingcityC.BeijingofcityD.thecityofBeijing10.Justfromthe______Iknowit'sLiuMinjun.A.noiseB.voiceC.soundD.sing11.—Wherearetheothertwostudents?—They'rein______.A.teacher'sofficeB.teachers'officeC.theteacherofficeD.theteachers'office12.—Howmany______haveyounextterm?—Letmesee.We'llhaveeight.A.lessonB.subjectsC.daysD.class13.Myuncle'sfullnameisDavidEdwardHartpode.Hisfamilynameis______.A.EdwardB.HartpodeC.DavidD.DavidHartpode14.Hewritesmorecarefullythan______inhisclass.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台A.anystudentB.anyotherstudentC.anyotherstudentsD.allstudents15.Thisnewkind______candohalfthework.A.oftractorB.tractorC.ofatractorD.atractor16.Johnisveryhappytohavea______training.A.twoweeksB.two-monthC.two-weeksD.two-months17.Mybrotherisalwayscareless.Healwaysmakes____A.mistakesB.mistakeC.mistookD.somemistake18.Mr.Greenisnearly______.A.twometreshighB.twometrestallC.hightwometresD.talltwometres19.Mr.Smithisan______.A.EnglishB.EnglishmanC.EnglishmanD.Englishmen20.Agroupof______aretalkingwithtwo______.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenDGermans;Frenchmans【代词】单项选择1.______thetwinsenjoyed______atthepartyyesterday.A.Both;themB.Both;themselvesC.Neither;themD.All;themselves2.—Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeoracupoftea?—______,thanks.I'dlikejustacupofwater.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None3.—Wouldyoulike______milkinyourtea?—Yes,just______.A.any;littleB.some;alittleC.much;afewD.alittle;some4.Thereis______todothisevening.A.muchnothingB.manynothingC.nothingmuchD.nothingmany5.Thetwofriendsweresopleasedtoseeeachotherthattheyforget______.A.anythingelseB.somethingelseC.nothingelseD.everythingelse6.—Isthisyourshoe?—Yes,itis.Butwhereis______?A.theothersB.anotherC.otheroneD.theotherone7.WhatIwanttosayis______Englishisaveryusefullanguage.A.itB.thisC.thatD.those8.TheyhaveanEnglishlesson______day,Monday,WednesdayandFriday.A.eachotherB.everyotherC.someothersD.anothermore9.Wefound______veryimportanttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.A.thisB.thatC.itD.it's10.—______isLilylike?—Oh,she'stallandthin.A.HowB.WhoC.WhichD.What11.—Wouldyoulikemilkororange?—_______Ipreferwater.A.EachB.NeitherC.EitherD.Both12.—Oh,thereissomeoneintheroom.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台—______mustbemymother.A.ThereB.SheC.ThisD.It13.BettyandJohnhavecomeback,but_______studentsintheclassaren'thereyet.A.theotherB.othersC.anotherD.theothers14.______ofushasreadthestory.A.SomeB.BothC.AllD.None15.—Whichofherparentsisadoctor?—________.A.AnyB.EitherC.BothD.All16.Ihaveboughtanewwatchbecausemyold______doesn'twork.A.itB.oneC.thatD.this17.—Isthisdictionary_______or_______?—It'smine.A.your;hersB.your;herC.your;herD.yours;hers18.Thereis______waterinmyglass.Willyoupleasegiveme______.A.little;someB.few;anyC.few;someD.little;any19.—______pencil-boxisthis,Patrick?—It’s______A.Whose;mineB.Who’s;mineC.Whose;myD.Who’s;my20.—Thepenis_______.Shewrote_______namewithit_______.A.hers;her;herselfB.her;hers;herC.her;hers;herselfD.her;herself;hers【冠词】用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“×”1.Tomorrowis______Teachers'Dayandwe'llmake______cardforourEnglishteacher.2.Thebusisrunningaboutseventymiles_____hour.3.Maryisinterestedin______science.4.Somepeopledon'tliketotalkat______table.5.LastnightIwentto______bedverylate.6.Don'tworry.Westillhave______littletimeleft.7.What______beautifulday!Andwhat______fineweather!8.In______winteritiscoldin______Beijingandwarmin________Shanghai.9.Johnis______cleverestboyinhisclass.10.Wecan'tlivewithout______wateror______air.11.TomorrowMr.SmithwillleaveParis,______capitalof______France,forWashingtonby______air.12.Wewerehaving______lunchwhentheycamein.13.Thisis______bookyougavemelastweek.14.Whatdidyoudo______lastSaturday?15.March8is______Women'sDay.16.If______weatherisfinetomorrow,wewillgotothepark.17.Ipreferplaying______pianotoplaying______basketball.18.At______ageoffive,hereadalotofbooks.19.TomandLucyareof______sameage.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台20.______harderwestudy,______morewelearn.【数词】选择填空l.Septemberisthe________monthoftheyear.A.eighthB.ninthC.tenthD.eleventh2.ThePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded________A.onOctoberthefirst,1949B.inOctoberthefirst,1949C.onOctoberone,1949D.onOctoberfirstone,19493.Thereare________daysinayear.A.threehundredsandsixty-fiveB.threehundredsandfifty-sixC.threehundredsofsixty-fiveD.threehundredandsixty-five4.Thereare________daysinFebruary.A.thirtyB.thirty-oneC.twenty-eightD.twenty-six5.Thefilmbeginsat4:15.Therightanswerof“4:15”is_______A.fourfifthB.fifteenfourC.fourfifteenD.aquartertofour6.________isseventyseven.A.fortyandfourB.thirty-sevenandfortyC.fortyorthirty-sevenD.seventyofseven7.Whatrowareyouin?Iamin________.A.RowOneB.RowFirstC.RowoneD.OneRow8.Howmanymonthsarethereinayear?Thereare_______A.elevenB.twelveC.twentyD.twelfth9.Attheageof________,hewasaworker.A.twentyB.thetwentyC.twentiethD.one10.TheChangjiangRiveris________longestriverinChina.A.thefirstB.thesecondC.thethirdD.thefourth【形容词、副词】根据A句完成B句,使两句句意一致。1.A:Theirfootballteamismuchstrongerthantheothertwo.B:Theirfootballteamis____________ofthe_____.2.A:Iprefersciencetoanyothersubject.B:Ilikescience__________anyothersubject.3.A:Janewentshoppingyesterday,andIwentshopping,too.B:Janewentshoppingyesterdayand___________I.4.A:Thisroomisnotbig.Itcan'tholdalotofpeople.B:Thisroomisnotbig___________holdsomanypeople.5.A:Thatmachinedoesn'twork.B:Thereis____________withthatmachine.6.A:Thesnowwasveryheavylastnight.B:It___________lastnight.7.A:Hisunclenolongerworkshere.B:Hisuncle_____workhere______longer.8.A:Thisisthemostimportantthingatthismoment.B:Thisthingis_____importantthananything______atthismoment.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台9.A:Hewassoangrythathecouldn't.sayaword.B:Hewas______angry_______sayaword.10.A:ZhangTaospeaksEnglishbetterthananyotherstudentinhisclass.B:______speaksEnglishso_____asZhangTao.【介词】用适当的介词填空1.You'dbetternotgo______theforest.It'sdangerous.2.Whichroomareyougoingtolive______?3.Thebuildingis______fire.There'resomepeople______thetopfloor.4.Before1990therewasnoairline______thetwocities.5.It'snotgoodtocomelate______school.6.What'swrong______yourbike?7.Thankyouverymuch______comingtoseeme.8.Icouldn'tfinishit______yourhelp.9.Don'tlaugh______others’mistakes.10.Dothetwinslook______theirfather?11.—Howdoyouusuallycometoschool,everyday?—Sometimes______bike,sometimes______foot.12.It'sverykind______youtohelpme______mymaths.13.Don'tread______thesun.It'sbad______youreyes.14.Theteachertoldusthemoontravels______theearth.15.Youmustlearnthesewords______heart,andanswermyquestion______English.16.Pleasemeetyouruncle______noon______Saturday.17.Thanks______yourhelp,Ifinishedtheworkbeforedark.18.It'scoldandthetemperatureis______zeroduringthenight.19.Theteacheriswriting______redink______apieceofpaper.20.Thechildrenarewaiting______thegate______theirmother.名词答案:1.A2.B3.A4.A5.D6.C7.D8.A9.D10.B11.B12.B13.B14.B15.A16.B17.A18.B19.C20.A代词答案:1.B2.B3.B4.C5.D6.D7.B8.B9.C10.D11.B12.D13.A14.D15.C16.B17.D18.A19.A20.A冠词答案:1.×;a2.an3.×4.×5.×6.a7.a;×8.×;×;×9.the10.×;×11.the;×;×12.×13.the14.×15.×16.the17.the;×18.the19.the20.The;the数词答案:1-5BADCC6-10BABAA形容词、副词答案:1.thestrongest;three2.better;than3.sodid4.enoughto5.somethingwrong6.snowedheavily7.doesn't;any8.more;else9.too;to10.Nobody;well介词答案:1.through2.in3.on,on4.between5.to6.with7.for8.without9.at10.like11.by;on12.of;with13.in;for14.around/round15.by;in16.at;on17.to18.below19.in;on20.at;forotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17

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