高考英语常用词汇辨析 49页

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  • 2021-05-14 发布

高考英语常用词汇辨析

  • 49页
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高考英语常用词汇辨析 ‎ A ◆ about  around  round 作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。 ◇ about 系常用词, 如: look about      四处看 ◇ around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短语里 around没有 about正式, 如: travel around   各处旅行 ◇ round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互换, 但一般用 round时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round指“旋转”, 而用 around指“处处”, “到处”, 如: She turned round at such a noise.    听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。 I have been looking for it all around.     我到处都找过了。 ◇ 另外, 英国人用 round的地方, 美国人倾向于用 around, 如: [英] Winter comes round. [美] Winter comes around. ◆ above all;after all;at all ◇ above all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”,常位于句首或句中,作插入语,起强调作用。如: But above all tell me quickly what I have to do.可首先快些告诉我该做什么。‎ A clock must above all keeps good time.时钟最重要的是必须走得准。 ◇ after all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”,在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如: After all,your birthday is only two weeks away.毕竟,两周后就是你的生日。 He is,after all,a small child.他毕竟还是个小孩子。 He failed after all.他终于失败了。 ◇ at all用于否定句时,意为“丝毫;根本”,用于疑问句时意为“究竟;到底”,用于条件句时,常译为“当真;实在”。用于肯定句中,表示说话人的某种情绪或情感(如怀疑或惊奇等),意为“竟然”等。如: He doesn’t like you at all.他根本不喜欢你。 Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做这件事? If you do it at all,do it well.若你真要做这件事,就得做好。 I was surprised at his coming at all.他竟然来了,我很惊讶。 ◆ add; add to; add…to; add up to ◇ add作“加,增加”解时,既可作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词;作“又说,补充说”解时,与直接或间接引语连用。如: If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water. 如果茶太浓了,再加点开水。‎ After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 过了一会儿,他又接着说他会尽力。‎ ‎ ◇ add to意为“增添,增加,增进”。如: The bad weather added to our difficulties. 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。 ◇ add...to意为“把……加到……”,是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如: Add two to seven, and you will get nine.七加二等于九。 ◇ add up to意为“加起来总共是/累计得”,该短语不用于被动语态。如: All his school education added up to no more than one year. 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。 ◆ affair; thing; matter; business ◇ affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广,泛指已做或待做的事;复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务,如财政管理、外交事务等。 ◇ thing意为“事情、事物”,不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing,一般不能专指事务;复数things还可作“形势”解。 ◇ matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。 ◇ business作“事务、事情”解时,一般不能用复数,常常指所指派的任务、责任;有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。‎ ‎◆ a great deal; a great deal of ◇ a great deal用作名词,意为“大量”,“许多”,作主语、宾语;用作副词,意为“很”或“非常”,作状语,修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如: A great deal has been studied and this is the best way. 经过大量研究后,这(被认为)是最好的办法。 We are a great deal cleverer than before.           我们比以前聪明多了。 ◇ a great deal of意为“大量的”,“非常多的”,相当于much,作定语,后接不可数名词。如: A great deal of time/money/energy has been spent on the project. 大量的时间/金钱/能源花在那个工程上了。 ◆ agree on;agree to;agree with;agree that ◇ agree on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如: The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. 上月,就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 ◇ agree to有两层含义和用法: ①其一是to作为动词不定式符号,其后跟动词原形,作“同意(答应)做某事”解。 例如:  My father agreed to buy a new pen for me. 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔 ②其二是to作为介词,之后跟表示“计划/条件/建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如: They have a greed to our plan.    他们已同意我们的计划。 ◇ agree with作“同意某人的意见”解,其后可跟表示人的名词或代词,也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如: He agreed with my opinions. 他同意了我的意见。 We agreed with what he said at the meeting. 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 ◇ agree that作“认为……”解,其后跟宾语从句。例如: I agree that your composition is very good. 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。 ◆ allow;let 二者均可作“允许”解,但各有侧重: ◇‎ ‎ allow重在“允许”或“容许”,也可表示客气的请求。例如: He allowed me to take his dictionary.他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? ◇ let作“允许”或“让”解,主要用于口语,一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时,常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意;作“让”解时,常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。注意:let之后作宾补的不定式不带to,且不可用于被动语态,而allow则相反。例如: Please let me walk with you(=Please allow me to walk with you.).我(请允许我)跟你一起走。注:allow常用于allow sb.to do sth.或allow doing sth.结构中。‎ ‎。although; though; as 三者均可表示“尽管;虽然”,引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式,语气较强;though较常用;as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意: ◇ 状语从句由although, though或as引导,主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列连词,但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如: Although/Though he believes it, yet he will not act. 他虽然相信它,但却不肯有所行动。 ◇ as表示“尽管;虽然”,只能用于倒装句,即:将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如: Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年纪不大,却懂得很多。 注意:如果表语是单数名词,要省略a。例如: Child as/though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 虽然他是个孩子,但他会说两门外语。 ◇ though可以放在句末,表示“但是”,although却不能。例如: They said they would come; they did not, though. 他们说他们会来,可是他们并没有来。 ◇ although只用来陈述“事实”,不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even though“即使”以及as though“好像(=as if)”,不能说even although或as although。例如:‎ I believe you are on duty—even though you’re in plain clothes. 尽管你穿着便衣,我相信你是在值勤。 ◆ among/between 这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间;among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时,仍然要用between。 例如:The girl walked between her father and mother.这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。 She is the tallest among her classmates.她在她同学之间是最高的。 Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany. 瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。 ◆ argue  debate  dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。 ◇ argue 着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如: I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason. 我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。 ◇ debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如: We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。 ◇ dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:‎ Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed.他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。 ◆ argue;quarrel;discuss 这三个动词均有“争”的意思,但“争”法不同。 ◇ argue着重就自己的看法或观点,提出论证,同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如: We heard them arguing in the other room.我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。 另外,argue同with搭配,其后接人;与about连用,其后接事物。例如: We argued with them about this problem for a long time.这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。 ◇ quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配,其后接某人;和about连用,其后接某事。例如: He often quarrels about their housework with his wife.他常为家务事同妻子争吵。 ◇ discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如: We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow.明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。 ◆ as (so) far as; as (so) long as as(so)far as的意思是“就……而言(所知)”,as (so) far as sth.is concerned是其中一种具体用法,意为“就某事而言”;as (so) long as意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。如: As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs. 就我所知,一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。 There is nothing that we can’t do so / as long as we keep on trying to do it. 只要我们不断地努力去做,就没有什么事干不成。 As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go. 就中国的旅游业而言,需要做的工作还很多 ‎◆ asleep/sleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语,不能作定语,表示“睡着,熟睡”的意思;而sleeping一般只能用作定语,放在名词前,表示“睡眠中的,休止的”意思。 如:我们不能说:an asleep baby,但可以说:a sleeping baby(一个熟睡的婴儿)。 再如:He was asleep with his head on his arms.他头枕着手臂在熟睡。 a sleeping dog正在熟睡的狗      sleeping car卧车         sleeping bag睡袋 ◆ assert,affirm,maintain ◇ assert宣称、断言,常指某人主观自信,坚持己见,有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。 ◇ affirm指以事实为依据,深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。◇ maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前,重申原来的某种观点、立场。 A.Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ___ that he had been at home all evening. B.It is nonsense to ___ that smoking does not damage people’s health. C.Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ___ his innocence. Answers:A. affirmed       B. assert         C. maintained ‎ ‎◆ as though;even though;though ◇ as though(=as if),意为“好像;似乎”,引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如:‎ ‎ He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before.他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。 It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。 ◇ even though(=even if),意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”;even though有退一步设想的意味,与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实,even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如: He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell the secret though he knows it.他虽然知道这个秘密,但他不会说出来。 ◆ at the beginning;in the beginning ◇ at the beginning 在……初;在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如: Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term. 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 ◇ in the beginning 相当于at first,表示“起初、开始”时,含“起初是这种情况,而后来却不是这种情况”之意不与of连用。例如: In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics.起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。 ◆ attack  assail  assault  charge  beset ◇ 都含有"攻击"的意思。 ◇ attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人", 如: Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.   德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。 ◇ assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击", 如: The enemy plane assailed our defense position.  敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。 ◇ assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如:The enemy assaulted us at dawn.   敌人在黎明时向我进攻。 ◇ charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击", 如: The cavalry charged to the front.    骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。 ◇ beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击, 如: In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes.   在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻 ‎◆ at the age of/by the age of ◇ at the age of表示“在……岁时”,后面接基数词,强调某一时刻的情况或动作,用于一般过去时,作时间状语。例如: At the age of six,he began to learn English.他六岁的时候开始学英语。 She learned to play the piano at the age often.她十岁的时候学弹钢琴。 ◇ by the age of表示“到……岁的时候”、“在……岁以前”,后面接基数词,强调到某一时刻为止的结果,用于过去完成时或将来完成时,作时间状语。例如: By the age of sixteen,he had learned to drive a car.到十六岁的时候,他已经学会了开小汽车。 You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen. 到你十四岁的时候,你将学会2000多个英语单词。 ◆ at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time ◇ at the time通常用于过去时句子中,指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如: Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time. 当时,许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。‎ 有时,at the time的后面可接“of...”短语。这时,它表示“在(某事态)发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如: Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989﹖ 1989年旧金山发生地震时,你在那里吗? It happened at the time of King Alfred. 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。 ‎ ‎◇ at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of...”短语。例如: In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan.At that time (=At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded. ◇ at one time=during a period of time in the past意为“过去有一段时期”,“曾经”。例如: They used to be good friends at one time. 他们曾经是好朋友。 ◇ at a time则意为“一次”,表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用,表示频率。例如: Don’t speak all at once.One at a time, please. 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。‎ Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time.  这些药每天服三次,每次服三粒。 ◆ at ... speed / with ... speed ◇ at the speed of或者at ... speed,意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all, lightning, great等修饰时,介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆:都(all)以闪电般(lightning)大(great)的速度行驶。如: Our car was running with all speed on the expressway. 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。 The Long March No.2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11.2 kilometers per second.  长征二号火箭以每秒钟11.2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。‎ B ◆ because/since/as/for ◇ 这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。 如:We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们呆在家里。 ◇ as与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如: As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。 Since everyone is here,let's start.既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。 ◇ for引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如: There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off. 教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由)‎ believe;believe in ◇ believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如: I believe what he says.我相信他的话。 I believe that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。 ◇ believe in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如: They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。 I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多锻炼有好处。 ◇ believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较: I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。‎ ‎ I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的话。 ◆ belief  faith  trust  confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。 ◇ belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如: belief in ghosts.    相信有鬼。 ◇ faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如: I have faith in his ability to succeed.   我相信他有成功的能力。‎ trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如: enjoy the trust of the people    得到人民的信任。 ◇ confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如: She has great confidence in her success.    她对自己的成功充满信心。 ◆ besides;except;but ◇ 三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,except/but意为“除……外(不再有)”;besides意为“除……外(还有)”。请比较: All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。 All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。 ◇ except后接名词、代词、-ing或不定式时,可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如: I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做饭,我什么事情都干。 This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。 ◇ 用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如:‎ There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you. 除了你,没人能做这工作。 ◆ be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that◇ be anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形; ◇ be anxious for表示“渴望”,后面接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式复合结构。 ◇ be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”;◇ be anxious that表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气; [EXERCISES] ①I ____ the result of the examination. ②We ____ know the result of the examination. ③We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English. ④Mr Li ____ a new car. ⑤They ____ arrive home before dark. (Key: ①am anxious about/for   ②are anxious to   ③are anxious for  ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)‎ ‎1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination.‎ ‎ 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ___Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best. Key: 1) was/is anxious for   2) are anxious about   3) is anxious to  4)are anxious for 5) are anxious that ◆ be known as; be known for; be known to;  be known in ◇ be known as 意为“作为……而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如: Liu Huan is known as a singer.刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。 We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。 ◇ be known for 意为“因……而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如: Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。‎ Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day. 盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。 ◇ be known to “为……所了解/知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如: He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。 He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things. 人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。 ◇ be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如: He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。 ◆ be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be made up of ◇ be made of表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 ◇ be made in当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,表示“某地产某物”。 ‎ be made from表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。 ◇ be made by表示“由……制做”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。 ◇ be made up of表示“由……构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike____Tianjin.              ②This table____ wood.              ③The car____1999. ④Paper____ wood.        ⑤The kite____my mother.              ⑥The team____ ten members. 【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up of ‎ ‎◆ be used for/be used as/be used by be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”,后面接名词或v-ing,其中for表示目的。 ◇ be used as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。 ◇ be used by表示“由……使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。 【练习】用be used for,be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone____better communication(交流). ②The motorbike____Liu Ming. ③A ruler____often____a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open. 【Keys】is used for;is used by;is, used as ◆ be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to 1) The manager ___ you before. 2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong. 3) I ___ seeing so many students present. 4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article析: ①was pleased with。表示“对……满意;喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴,”后面接指事的名词或v-ing。  ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。 ‎ be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth. ◇ be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如: You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十点钟以前你得交上试卷。 ◇  be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如: I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去,这时有人敲门。 ◇ be going to do sth.有三层含义: ①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如: We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。 ②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如: I'm going to be twenty next month. 下个月我就二十岁了。 ③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如: Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。 ‎ ‎ ‎ beat; strike; hit ◇ strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、兽)抓,咬,或(钟)敲响”。 ◇ hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”,“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。 ‎ ‎◇ beat着重“连续地打击”。如:殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。 ◆ blame; scold blame“责备;责怪”,指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用),或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用),往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事,没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如: He blamed Tom for the failure.  他责怪汤姆造成了失败。 Don't blame it on him, but on me.  别怪他,该怪我。 ◇ scold“责骂”,指唠唠叨叨地数说某人,多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如: Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要责骂那孩子,这不是他的过失。 I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night. 我不喜欢斥责,孩子,可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。‎ blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over ◇ blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“暴风雨吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。 [EXERCISES] 1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down  2) blew over  3) blown off   4) has blown in ◆ break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through ◇ break up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。 ◇ break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。 ◇ break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。 ◇ break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然……起来”。 ◇ break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”,其中in是副词。‎ break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”,常与from连用。 ◇ break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。 [练习] ①He said his computer _____. ②Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(废铁). ③Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things. ④A fire ____ after we had gone home. ⑤The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking. ⑥You must ____ from bad habits. ⑦After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds. ⑧A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night. ⑨Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago. ⑩The ice began to ____ on the river. (Key:①had broken down   ②broken up   ③broke into   ④broke out   ⑤breaks in  ⑥break away   ⑦broke through   ⑧broke in     ⑨broke down   ⑩break up)‎ bring on;bring in;bring out ◇ bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如:‎ ‎ Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meals. 汤姆常常端上饭菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。 The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天气突然变冷,使他再次感冒。 ◇ bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如: His new business brings in 1,000 dollars. 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。 We also brought in some words from English. 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。 ◇ bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如: He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出枪来指着我。 Bring out the meaning more clearly.请把意思讲清楚些。 They have brought out a set of children’s books.他们出版了一套儿童读物。 ◆ bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in ◇ bring down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”; ◇ bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”; ◇ bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”;‎ bring in表示“把......引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把......拿进来”、“吸收”。 [EXERCISES] 1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price﹖ 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ $500 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back    2) brought in      3) brought down      4) brought up      5) bring down     6) brought back    7) is bringing in    8) bring down ◆ broad; wide ◇ 两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意, 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽),还可表示“宽宏大量”;wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如:‎ Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open. 看着那个新型相机,那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。 He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure. 他是个心胸宽广的人;决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。 ◆ but/however ◇ 这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如: We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。 ◇‎ ‎ however转折意味比but弱,连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如: Later,however,he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。 ◆ by oneself;oneself ◇ by oneself=alone,without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;‎ oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。 试比较: If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself. 如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭) Can you cook by yourself now?             你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作) ◆ by sea;by the sea ◇ by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在……旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如: They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。 There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。 请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语: by ship  乘船                  by a ship  在一艘轮船旁边 by land  从陆路                by the land  在岸边(在陆地旁边) by taxi  乘出租车              by the taxi  在出租车旁边 by road  从陆路                by the road  在路边 C ◆ catch sb.doing sth;  be (get) caught in sth. ◇ catch sb.doing sth.作“碰(遇)上某人正在做某事”解。例如: The policeman caught two men fighting in the street.警察碰见两个人在街上打架。 The man was caught stealing the apples.那人偷苹果时,被当场发现。 ◇ be (get) caught in sth.“遇上……而受阻”之意。例如: I got caught in the traffic.我因交通堵塞而受阻。 I was caught in a storm on my way to school.我在去学校的路上遇到了暴雨。 ◆ care about; care for; care; care to ◇ care about“关心;计较;在乎”,指由于某事重要,或因责任所在而关心计较,一般用于否定句。如: He doesn't care about his clothes.他不讲究衣着。 I don't care about going there.去不去那里,我无所谓。 ◇ care for“关心;照料;喜欢;愿意”。作“关心;照料”讲,一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如: Who will care for your children when you are away﹖ 你离开期间谁照顾你的孩子? How the Party cares for us!   党是多么关心我们啊!‎ Would you care for a walk?   你愿意去散步吗? He cares more for fine new clothes than for anything else. 他喜爱漂亮的新衣胜于其他的一切。 ◇ care还可作及物动词,但其后通常接从句。如: I don't care who you are.我不管你是谁。 I don't care what you say.不论你说什么,我都不在乎。 ◇ care to“愿意,欲望”,后接动词原形。如: I don’t care to go there.我不愿意去那里。 ‎ ‎◆ carry off; carry away; carry out ◇ 表示“运走”;“掠走”,用carry off或carry away均可。但两者也有不同之处:carry off可表示“夺得”某种奖赏;carry away可表示“吸引住”。如: After destroying the village, the enemy carried off/away all the cattle. 在毁掉村子之后,敌人把牲畜都掠走了。 I carried off the first prize.我获得了头等奖。 We were carried away by her songs.她的歌声令我们浑然忘我。 ◇ carry out的意思是“搬出(某物)”;“履行(计划或义务等)”。如: Would you please carry out the desk into the garden﹖ 请你把桌子搬到花园里去好吗? You must carry out your duty. 你必须履行你的职责。‎ ‎◆ carry out; carry on ◇ 注意两者的区别:carry out意为“执行、实行”;carry on表示“(继续)进行、进行下去”,强调坚持。如: The group of soldiers carried out a secret military action the other day. 几天前,这群士兵执行了一次秘密的军事行动。 Comrades in Germany were carrying on a heroic fight against war under conditions of fascism at that time. 那时,在德国的同志正在法西斯的统治区进行一场英勇的反战斗争。 ◆ cause; reason; excuse ◇ cause意为“起因”、“原因”,指引起某种结果的必然原因,即主要事实方面的原因,常和effect连用,表示因果关系。如: I don’t know the cause and effect.我不知道此事的前因后果。 The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是粗心大意。 ◇ reason意为“理由”、“原因”,指用以解释某些已发生的事情的理由或借口,这种理由可能是也可能不是真正的理由,强调逻辑推理方面的理由。如: There are many reasons for animals dying out.动物的绝种有许多原因。 Tell us your reason for changing the plan.告诉我们你改变计划的原因。 ‎ excuse指为免受指责和推卸责任而找的“理由”、“原因”也就是我们常说的“借口”。如: Too much work is no excuse for absence.工作太忙不能成为缺席的理由。 I haven’t done the work well,my excuse is that I have been ill. 我没把工作做好,我的理由是我病了。 ◆ cheer/greet/welcome ◇ cheer意为“欢呼”,侧重表示高声呼叫以示欢迎,强调气氛的活跃,常含鼓励之意。如:       The boys cheered their football team.孩子们为他们的足球队喝彩。 ◇ greet表示用语言、行动等“迎接”,常含“友好、热情、亲切”之意。如: We greeted our guests at the gate. 我们在大门口迎接客人。 ◇ welcome常表示“欢迎新人、新事、新主张”等。如:      We welcome the new ideas. 我们欢迎新思想。 ◆ clear away, clear up, clear off ‎ ‎◇ clear away表示“清除掉”、“收拾掉”、“散掉”、“消散”;clear up表示“露出(喜色)”、“(天气)放晴”、“清理”、“整理”;clear off表示“走开”、“离开”。‎ ‎[EXERCISES] 1) We must ____ such ideas among ourselves. 2) She ____ her desk before she moved to another school. 3) The sky looks as if it would ____ soon. 4) ____ before I call the police. 5) His face ____ when he read the letter. Key: 1) clear away   2) cleared up  3) clear up   4) Clear off   5) cleared up ◆ close;closely ◇ close, closely这两个词都可以用作副词,close表示“靠近”、“紧紧地”,closely则表示“紧密地”、“严密地”、“密切地”。如: 1) I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight. 2) Come close, I want to tell you something important. 3) The policeman followed the strange man closely. 4) The scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts. ◆ come up; come on; come out ◇ come up常表示位置“上升”;从水中或 土中“冒出”;芽苗等“长出”;“引起注意、被提出”等。如:‎ The seeds haven’t come up. 种子还没发芽。 Your question came up at the meeting.你的问题在会上被提出来讨论。 ◇come on 常用来催促别人,意为“加油、加快”,也可表示“来临、袭击”。如: I can feel a headache coming on.我觉得头痛了。 ◇come out常表秘密等“传出、被获悉”,书籍等的“出版”;“结果是”。如: When will her new book come out﹖  她的新书什么时候出版? The answer to the math problem came out wrong. 这道数学题的结果错了。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎◆ complete; finish ◇ finish是普通用语,用得比较广泛,可作及物动词或不及物动词,多用来指“完成”一项任务或活动,后面可接名词、代词或-ing,不接不定式。例如: Have you finished your work﹖  你的工作完成了吗? He finished writing the letter last night.这封信他是昨晚完成的。‎ ‎ ◇ complete一般用作及物动词,用法较正式,通常用来表示完成某个计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍及作品等,后面可接名词或代词,不接-ing或不定式。例如: He’s never completed a project on time.  他从未按时完成过计划。 The bridge is not completed yet.  这座桥至今尚未完工。 ◇ 表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物及在被动结构中表示“一切都完了;没希望了”等意时,均用finish。例如: He finished school in 1991.  他1991年从学校毕业。 The wood-work is beautifully finished.  这件木器做得很精细。 注意:complete a book的意思是“写完一本书”;finish a book意为“看完一本书”。 ◆ common ordinary general  都含“普通的”意思。 ◇ common强调“常见的”、“ 不足为奇的”, 如: Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。‎ ‎◇ ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”,   如:His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。 ◇ general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”,如: This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist. 这本书是为一般读者写的, 不是为专家写的。 ◇ normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”, 如: the normal temperature of the human body      人的正常体温 ◆ compare…with; compare…to; compared with/to ◇ compare…with意为“把……与……相比”,侧重指两者间的区别。如: Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them. 把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较,你就会发现它们之间的区别。 ◇ compare…to…意为“把……比作……”,着重注意两者间的相似点。如: This song compares our country to a big family.这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。 ◇ compare既可以单独用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时,以compare with…形式出现,表示“与……相比”。如: ‎ Living here can’t compare with living in Shanghai.在这儿生活不能和在上海(生活)相比。 If you compare the two words, you can tell the difference between them. 如果你比较这两个单词,你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。 ◇ compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语,意义基本相同,可互换。如: Compared to/with him, you are lucky. 与他相比,你是幸运的。‎ ‎ It was a small town then, compared to/with what it is now. 和现在比起来,那时它还是个小镇。 ◆ cover; interview ◇ 两者都可用作动词,意为“采访”,cover的宾语是事情;interview的宾语是人。如: Reporters are then sent to cover the events.然后记者们就被派去采访这些事件。 He interviewed five people in the morning.他上午采访了五个人。 ◆ country; nation; state; land ◇ country意为“国家;国土”,侧重指版图;疆域。如:China is a great country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。 注意:country含义广泛,适合各种文体,也可代替本组中的任何一个词,‎ 有时作“祖国”解,带有感情色彩。如:After many years abroad,he wanted to return to his country.在国外呆了多年后,他想回到自己的祖国。 Some parts of this country (land) are much warmer than others.该国某些地区的气候较其他地区温暖得多。 ◇ nation意为“民族;国家”,侧重指人民;国民;民族。如: The whole nation was in deep sorrow at this news.听到这一噩耗,全国人民悲痛万分。 注意:在国际交往等正式场合,nation语体庄重,比country常用。如: the United Nations (UN)        联合国  the law of nations  国际公法 a most favored nation  最惠国 Trade between nations is much better than war.国与国之间进行贸易往来比兵戎相见好得多。 ◇ state意为“国家;政府”,侧重指政权;政体。如: In our country, railways are state-owned. 在我国铁路为国家所有。 ◇ land意为“国土;国家”,带有感情色彩,多用于文学作品中。如: This is my native land.I’ll defend it with my life! 这是我的祖国,我要用自己的生命保卫她!‎ ‎◆ cross; across; crossing ◇ cross作动词用时,意思是“横过”。如: They are crossing the river. 他们正在过河。 The idea has just crossed my mind.  这个主意是我刚才想到的。 cross作名词用时,指“十字形的东西”。 ◇  across可作介词或副词,意为“横穿,横过”。如: They pushed the cart across the bridge. 他们推着车过桥。 The post office is across the street.邮局在街道对面。 ◇ crossing意为“横穿,交叉,十字路口,人行横道”。如: They are standing at a crossing.他们正站在十字路口。 ◆ cut off; cut up; cut through ‎ ‎ ◇ cut off表示“隔绝”、“断绝”、“(电路)切断”、“剪下”、“砍掉”; ◇ cut up表示“切割开来”、“切碎”、“使难过”; ◇ cut through表示“凿穿”、“穿过”、“穿透”。 [EXERCISES] 1) The building ____ our view. ‎ ‎2) We are going to ____ the mountain to build a free way here. 3) She _____ the cake and gave each of us a piece. 4) He ____ some flowers from the bush. Key: 1) cut off   2) cut through   3) cut up    4) cut off D ◆ daily; everyday; every day ◇ daily用作名词意为“日报”,如: China Daily《中国日报》 用作形容词,意同everyday;用作副词意同everyday。 ◇ everyday意为“每日的、日常的”,在句中作定语。everyday English=daily English日常英语;everyday life=daily life日常生活。 ◇ every day(分开写)意为“每天”,在句中作状语。如: He comes here every day.=He comes here daily.他每天来这儿。  ◆ damage; destroy; ruin 这三个词都有“破坏;损坏”的意思,区别如下: ◇ damage意为“损坏、破坏”。它可用于表示损坏或破坏具体的物品,一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低,这种损坏是部分性的,通常指损坏的程度不那么严重,还可以修复再用。也可用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。如: The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt. 汽车在事故中损坏不严重,但却有五个人受了重伤 Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness.长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。 What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries. 他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。 Smoking has damaged his health badly.   吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。 ◇ damage还可用作可数或不可数名词。如: The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city.这场地震给这座城市带来了巨大的破坏。 ◇ destroy意为“破坏;摧毁;消灭;毁灭”,通常指程度非常严重的“毁坏”,一般情况下不可以修复再用。另外,它既可表示毁坏具体的物品,也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。如: The big fire destroyed the whole house. 这场大火把整座房子都烧毁了。 The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi's ‎ dream by the power of people.  纳粹想摧毁人民的希望,最终是纳粹的梦想被人民的力量所摧毁。 ◇ ruin多用于借喻之中,有时泛指一般性的破坏,指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。如: ‎ My new coat is ruined.我的外套不能再穿了。 The rain will ruin the crops.这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。 I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man我被那场官司毁了,我破产了。 ◆ damp  wet  dank  moist  humid 都含"潮湿的"意思。 ◇ damp指"轻度潮湿, 使人感觉不舒服的", 如: I don't like damp weather.     我不喜欢潮湿的天气。 ◇ wet 指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的", 如: be wet to the skin   浑身湿透。 ◇ dank 指"阴湿的", 如: a dark dank and chilly cave    一个既黑暗又潮湿、又阴冷的洞。 ◇ moist指"微湿的"、"湿润的", 常含"不十分干, 此湿度是令人愉快的"意思, 如: Grasses were moist with dew.   草被露水润湿了。 ◇ humid为正式用语, 常表示"空气中湿度大的", 如: In the east, the air is humid in summer.   在东方, 夏季空气潮湿。 ◆ day by day; day after day ◇ day by day意为“一天一天地”,“逐日”,表示事情的逐渐变化过程。该短语只能作状语。如:‎ It's getting colder day by day.天气一天天冷了起来。 The boy is getting better day by day.那孩子一天天好了起来。 ◇ day after day意为“日复一日”、“一天又一天”,表示一个重复(周而复始或循环重复)的动作或事件。该短语可作主语和状语。如: Day after day went by, and still no message arrived.日子一天天过去,仍然杳无音讯。 I have to do the work day after day.我得天天做这项工作。 ◆ deal with; do with; get rid of ◇ get rid of表示“处理”,侧重“消灭;摆脱或清除”;deal with和do with侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语,deal的后面不接宾语;do with常与what连用,deal with常与how连用。 [练习] ①If they are not coming, we can ___ the tickets. ②How did they ____ matters of this sort﹖ ③What did you ____ the broken car﹖ ④Mr Zhang wrote a book ____ life in England. ⑤We should ____ the weeds in the fields. (Key: ①get rid of   ②deal with   ③do with   ④dealing with   ⑤get rid of demonstrate,illustrate ◇demonstrate 证明,论证,以科学严谨的态度,通过推理、辩论或提供证据来证明事物的正谬。illustrate 指用实物、图片等进行说明,illustrate后常用介词by,with。 A.The lecturer ____ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard. B.To ____ his arguments,he showed us a lot of facts.‎ ‎ C.These figures clearly ___ the size of the economic problem facing the country. Answers:A.illustrated    B.demonstrate    C.demonstrate ◆discover;invent;find;find out ◇invent意为“发明”,指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明/创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物。 Who invented the telephone? 是谁发明电话的? He invented a new teaching method.他发明了一种新的教学方法。 ◇find意为“找到、发现”,指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西,着重指找到的结果。 We've found oil under the South Sea.我们已在南海发现了石油。 They finally found a way. 他们终于找到了办法。‎ discover意为“发现”,表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误,即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物,也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。 Columbus discovered America in1492. 哥伦布1492年发现了美洲。 We soon discovered the truth. 我们很快就弄清了真相。 ◇find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。 [EXERCISES] 1.Edison ____ the electric lamp. 2.I lost my necklace last night.I haven’t ____ it. 3.Who ____ America first? 4.Can you ____ what time the train leaves? Key: 1.invented  2.found  3.discovered  4.find out ◆disgrace  dishonor  shame  infamy  scandal ◇都含“丢人”、“耻辱”的意思。 ◇disgrace 指“失去别人的尊敬”、“因自己或别人的行为所产生的耻辱感”, 如: He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior.   他因为行为不检而为人所不齿 ‎◇ dishonor指“因自己的言行而丧失自尊或玷辱名誉”, 如: His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family.     他的投敌行为对他的家庭是耻辱。 ◇ shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞耻”, 如 I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我认为那样浪费太可耻了。infamy指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, 如: His name will live in infamy.   他的名字将遗臭万年。 ◇ scandal指“引起公愤的行为”、“丑事”, 如 Iran Scandal 伊朗丑闻(指美国向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批评)。‎ E ◆ ever before;ever since;ever after ◇ ever since意为“从……之后一直”,其中的since既可作副词,也可作连词,该短语与完成时连用。有时ever可以省略。 ◇ ever before意为“比以往任何时候”,其中的before为副词,常与比较级连用并放在than之后。ever用来加强before的语气,before有时可以省略。 ◇ ever after意为“从那以后”,其中的after可作连词,也可作副词,该短语常与过去时连用。 [EXERCISES] 1.He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ____. 2.The flowers grow more beautiful than ____. 3.The couple lived a hard life ____.‎ ‎ Key: 1.ever since  2.ever before  3.ever after ◆ except/but ◇ 二者意思均为:除……之外。except强调所除外的人(或事物);而but则将重点置于其他人(或事物)。 如:We all passed the exam except Tom.除了汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆一人不及格 Nobody knew her name but me.除我以外,没有人知道他的名字。(强调除“我”知道外,其他人都不知道) ◇except前常有all,any,every,no及其复合词等;but也常与no,nobody,nothing,all,anywhere等词连用。二者后都可接名词、代词、动词的ing形式和原形动词,可以互换;但except后还可跟副词、介词短语等,此时,不能用but来代替。 如:He answered all the questions except/but the last one.除最后一个问题没答外,其余问题他都答了。 He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(except后跟副词) The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,这扇窗户从来不开。(except后跟介词短语) ◇except,but用于否定句时,可以互换。如: There aren't any other people to be considered except/but you.除你之外,其他人将不予考虑。 F ◆ fall off;fall down;fall onto;fall into ◇fall off用作及物动词,表示“从……上落下,掉下,摔下”。如:‎ The house moved and a few pictures fell off the wall,but that was all. 房子动了动,几幅画从墙上掉了下来,就这些。 He had fallen off a ladder and hurt his leg. 他从梯子上摔下来,伤了腿。 有时,它也可用作不及物动词,表示“落下,掉下,脱落”;也可表示“减少,越来越少”。如: I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off. 我看着桌子上的杯子全掉下来。 His supporters were falling off. 支持他的人越来越少了。 ◇ fall down通常用作不及物动词,表示“(人)跌倒,摔倒,绊倒”或“(房屋等)   倒塌”。如: The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.那老太太在街上跌倒了,摔坏了腿。 ◇ fall onto意为“掉到……上”,其中onto为介词,也可用to。如: The books fell off the desk onto/to the ground. 书从桌上掉到了地上。 ◇ fall into意为“掉到……里陷入(困难)”等,into是介词。如: fall into the river   掉进河里 fasten; tie ◇fasten意为“栓住、捆牢、扎紧”,常用作及物动词(用于fasten ...to...结构时,可以与tie互换,但语气上fasten比tie重);也可用作不及物动词,意为“(把目光、思想、注意力)集中于……”。 ◇tie意为“系、栓、扎”,常用作及物动词,后接其同源宾语tie, knot等;用作不及物动词时,意为“打领带、打领结”。 ◆feed...on;feed...to ◇feed...to指“将……喂给……”,feed后跟表示食物的词; ◇feed...on 指“用……喂……”,feed后接表示人或动物的词。如: What did you feed to the baby just now? 你刚才给婴儿喂的什么﹖ I feed the dog on meat.  我用肉喂狗。 ◆festival,holiday,vacation ◇festival指盛大的节日,或定期在某地举行的主题节日;如音乐节等。 ◇‎ holiday源自“holy”,原意为“神圣的日子”,或指国家或民族规定的节日。后词意扩展,指一切不工作的日子。 ◇vacation任何节假日或休息日,持续时间较长,主要用于美国。在英国,则着重指法院和大学的假期。 A.The Spring ___ is the most important day in China.‎ B.Will you spend your ___abroad this year? C.While I’m away on ___,Mr Smith will take over my job. Answers:A. Festiva     B.holidays/vacation      C.vacation ◆ finally;at last;in the end 本组词语均有“终于”之意,但有区别。 ◇ finally的用法有二: ü  用来表示某一动作发生的顺序是在“最后”。例如:Finally,turn off the lights and lock the door.最后关上灯锁好门。 ü  是用在句中动词前,表示等了好久“终于……”。例如: We waited and waited,and finally they arrived.我们等了又等,(最后)他们终于来了。 ◇ at last是表示经过一番曲折或努力之后某事才发生,强调其结果,其语气和感情色彩较强。At last the project has been completed and we can rest.这项工程终于竣工了,我们可以休息了。 ◇ in the end用法有二:*表示经过若干周折或努力而“最后”发生了某事。例如: We did experiment after experiment,and in the end we got a good harvest of rice in Africa.我们作了一个又一个实验,(最后)终于在非洲获得了水稻丰收。 *表示预测未来(而finally和at last无此用法)。例如: He hopes that his son will be a fine teacher in the end.他希望他儿子最终成为一名优秀教师。‎ ‎◆ find/found/founded ◇ find意为“发现、找到”,为动词原形。 ◇ found既是不规则动词find的过去式和过去分词,本身又是一个动词原形,意为“建立、成立、创办”。如:    He has already found his watch. 他已经找到了手表。 ◇ founded为动词found的过去式和过去分词。如:    The school was founded ten years ago. 这所学校是十年前创办的。 ◆ fit; be fit for; be fit to ◇ fit可用作及物或不及物动词,意为“适合”,“合身”,主要指大小适合。如: This cap fits me well.这顶帽子很适合我。 The coat doesn’t fit me well. 这件大衣不太合身。 ◇ 另外,fit还有“安装”、“试穿”之意。如: You can fit this skirt on your daughter.你可以给你的女儿试一下这条裙子。 I will fit my new house with a telephone.我要在新房间装电话。 ◇ be fit for意为“适合;能胜任”。其中,fit是形容词,意为“适合的;能胜任的”,for后面接名词或-ing形式。如: ‎ The water in the well is fit for drinking.这口井里的水可以喝。‎ ‎ The man is not fit for his office.那人不称职。 Your shoes are not fit for traveling.你的鞋子不适合旅行。 ◇ be fit to意为“适合;能胜任”。在这个短语中,fit也是形容词,to为动词不定式符号,因此后面只能接动词原形。如: The food is not fit to eat.  这食物不可以吃。 The girl is easy to get angry,so she is not fit to be a nurse. 这女孩容易发脾气,因此她不适合当护士。 ◆ forbid ban prohibit都含“禁止”的意思。 ◇ forbid系常用词, 指“命令某人不做某事”, 如: The doctor forbids him to smoke.        医生禁止他吸烟。 ◇ ban 语气较重, 指权威机关“正式禁止”, 含“严厉谴责”之意,只能用事物作其宾语, 如:Ban atomic and nuclear weapons! 禁止原子武器和核武器! ◇ prohibit指“通过法律或政府法令禁止”, 如: The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark.        天黑后士兵不准离开营房 ‎◆ suit;fit;suitable ◇fit用作及物动词,意为“与……相符、符合;合……身”;用作不及物动词,意为“适合、合身”。多指衣物等尺寸大小合身、合脚。 ◇suit意为“适合”。多指衣物等的颜色、款式、质地等适合,穿起来协调、好看;合乎需要、口味、性格、条件和地位等。如: This coat doesn't suit you.这件外套不适合你。(比较:This coat doesn't fit you.这件外套不合你的身。) ◇fit直接可用作形容词,常构成be fit for意为“适于;称职”;suit的形容词为suitable,be suitable for相当于be fit for。另外:suit常用作名词,意为“一套/副(衣服等)”:a man's suit包括外套 jacket,背心waist coat和裤子trousers,a woman's suit包括上衣coat和裙子skirt; fit还可作“安装”解。 ◆for example;such as;like ◇such as用来举例说明,通常放在被列举的事物的前面以及需要说明的事物的后面。 ◇for example常用来补充说明,表示在众多的例子中仅仅取一、二加以说明、解释。 ◇ like是介词,意为“像”。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] 1.Many books on English study,____ School English are popular among school students. 2.Some students,Wang Lin,____ like country music very much. 3.I’m going to be a pop star ____ Michael Jackson. Key:1.such as   2.for example   3.like ◆ for the first time;the first time ‎ ◇ for the first time 首次;第一次。表示有生以来或一段时间内第一次做某事,在句中一般单独作状语。例如: The two girl students talked for the first time at the beginning of the term. 两位女生开学初首次交谈。 ◇ the first time 首次;第一次。常引导时间状语从句,其重点不是讲第一次做什么,而是说明另一动作或情况;也可以作表语,强调到说话为止某一情况或动作的次数。例如: I knew we would be good friends the first time I met her. 第一次见到她,我就知道我们会成为好朋友。 This is the first time I have been to the Great Wall. 这是我第一次去长城。‎ gather round; gather in; gather up; gather from ◇ gather round表示“聚集在……周围”、“聚集在一起”。 ◇ gather in表示“收获庄稼”。 ◇ gather up表示“收拾起来”、“抱起来”。 ◇ gather from表示“从……推测”、“从……推想”,后面与that-clause连用。 [练习] ①I ____ her letter that she is very happy now. ②The students in our class ____ Mr Wang. ③You'd better ____ your books and put them away. ④The farmers ____ the wheat now. ⑤All the workers ____ him and asked him what was wrong with him at all. (Key: ①gather from  ②gathered round  ③gather up  ④are gathering in  ⑤gathered round) ◆ get away (from); run away (from);escape (from);flee (from)这几个词均可表示“逃”,但含义有别: ◇ escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”,强调结果 ‎◇ get away from及run away from表示“逃”的动作或行为,含有动作快速而敏捷之意,多用于口语中; ◇ flee强调“逃”这一动作急促或迅速,不强调结果。选用时根据上下文的含义来定。如: The bird has escaped from the cage.那只鸟逃出鸟笼了。 He ran away/got away/escaped from the fire.他从火灾中逃出来了。 He fled (from) the burning house.他从燃烧的房子中逃出。 ◇ 另外,表示“从某处抽身”,一般用get away from。如: I’m afraid she can’t get away from the meeting. 我恐怕她很难从会议中抽身。  ◆ give up;give in;give out ◇ give up指行为或努力受挫或别的原因而主动放弃,可用作及物动词,跟名词或v-ing作宾语;也可作不及物动词; ◇ give in指不再坚持自己的行为或观点等,而按别人的要求去做,一般作不及物动词; ◇ give out意为“用完;耗尽;体力不支”,是不及物动词。例如: ①The wind was strong and the waves were big,so he had to give up attempting/his attempt to swim the channel.风急浪高,他只好放弃横渡海峡的打算。 ‎ ‎②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way. 除有两个中途放弃外,其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比赛的全程。 ③As neither of the two sides would give in,the agreement fell through. 由于双方都不肯让步,所以没能达成协议。 ④After a long journey,my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther. 走了很长的路,我已筋疲力尽,再也走不动了。 ◆ glance; stare; glare ◇ 这组动词都与“看”有关。glance意为“匆匆一瞥”,是不及物动词,其后必须接介词at, over等才可以接宾语。如: 1) He glanced at his watch.他匆匆看了一下手表。 2) She glanced down the list of names.  她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名单。 ◇ stare意为“凝视”,它也是一个不及物动词,其后通常接介词at才能接宾语。如: She stared at him in surprise.她惊讶地瞪着他看。 He was staring out to the sea.  他凝目眺望大海。 ◇ glare意为“怒视;瞪眼”,也是不及物动词,其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。如: They stood glaring at each other.他们互相怒目而视地站着。‎ ◆ go on to do sth;go on doing sth.;go on with sth. 这三个短语都有继续做某事的意思,但在含义上有所不同。 ◇ go on to do sth.表示“接着做另一件事”,即接下去做与原来不同的一件事; ◇ go on doing sth…表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”; ◇ go on with sth.表示“间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”,其后一般接代词作宾语。通常情况下,go on doing sth.和go on with sth.可互换。例如: After they had read the text,the students went on to do the exercises. 读完课文后,学生们继续做练习。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way. 一路上学生们一直有说有笑。 After a rest,we went on with our lesson(=After a rest,we went on having our lesson.).休息以后,我们继续上课。‎ ◆ H ◆ habit, practice, custom, convention这组名词一般含义为“习惯”。 ◇ habit指个人的“习惯”,通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法 That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. 这证明是我的失败,因为我不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。 ◇ practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”,这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法 On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. 在另一方面,一想到用动物油煎马铃薯,你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里,这是为大家接受的通常习惯。 She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out. 她慢慢地走进厅堂,并且立刻发现所有的房门都是开着的。但是按照她自己的一般习惯,她在外出前总是把门全部关好的 ◆ custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义,此外,custom ‎ 还包含这样一层意思:长期而广泛采用的行为或方法,即风俗习惯,按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范,它不仅有指导意义,而且具有必须遵循的意义 Don't be a slave to custom.    不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。 From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. 一个人从诞生的那一时刻起,他降生后所处的风俗习惯便给他的阅历和行为定型。 ◇ convention 其实是其他3个词的近义词,它的含义为:固定的或公众一致承认的行事或表达思想的方法 They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. 他们不顾社会习俗,并未意识到自己在做些与众不同的事。 ◆ hand down;hand in;hand over;hand out ; by hand ;hands up ◇  hand down作“把……传下来”解。例如: …knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race. ……他们的知识,生活习惯以及人们所怀念的事情,都是由他们的祖先传下来的。‎ The story was handed down from one generation to another.这个故事世代相传。 ◇ hand in为“把……交上来” 、“交给”、“递交”之意。例如: Time is up.Hand in your examination papers.时间到了,请把试卷交上来。 ◇ hand over作“转交”或“移送”解。例如: Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou.请将这笔钱转交小周。 The thief was handed over to the police.小偷已被移送到公安机关了。 ◇ hand out为“散发”之意。例如: When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers. 我赶到教室时,老师已开始分发试卷了。 ◇ hands up表示“举起手来”; ◇ by hand表示“用手”、“手工”,是介词短语,作方式状语。 [EXERCISES] ①This toy was made.  ②After class,you must  your homework.③If you have any questions to ask,please.  (Keys:①by hand ②hand in ③hands up) ◆ have sb.do sth.;have sb./sth.doing sth.;have sth.done ◇ have sb.do sth.为“使(让、请)某人做某事”之意,其中作宾补的不带to的不 ◆ 定式只表示发生过某事。例如: The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让男孩背对着父亲站着。 ◇ have sb./sth.doing sth.为“让某人(某事)一直做某事”之意,其中作宾补的现在分词表示保持或一直存在的状态。例如: The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 两个骗子让灯整夜地亮着。 Although the farm is large,my dad has only two men working for him. 虽然农场大,但我爸爸只雇了两人为他(一直)干活。 ◇ have sth.done 有两层含义和用法: *其一,作“(有意地)让他人为自己做某事”解,即过去分词所表示的动作由别人完成,而宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者或动作对象。例如: I’ll ‎ have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用这种布料做一套新衣服。 *作“(无意识地)让某人(或某物)遭受不幸”解。例如: He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。 ◆ hear of/ hear from/ hear ◇ hear of表示“听人说起”、“听说过”,侧重于间接听说;◇ hear from表示“收到……的来信”、“收到……的来电”,后面接指人的名词或代词; ◇ hear表示“听见”、“听到”,后面接名词、代词或宾语从句。‎ ◆ ‎[EXERCISES] ①I____that our team won.  ②I____my brother twice a month.  ③I____her death last week.  ④Can you____some birds singing? (Keys:①heard ②hear from ③heard of ④hear)  ◆ holiday(holidays),leave, vacation 这三个词都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含义用法并不相同。 ◇ holiday(holidays)一般指“休假” Tom and I are going to have a holiday.  我和汤姆准备去度假。 I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已经度过假了。 During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car. 在瑞典度假期间,我在我的车子上发现了这张字条。 Postcards always spoil my holidays.  明信片总是弄得我过不好假日。 My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. 我的假日过的很快,但是我一张明信片也没有寄给朋友 注:have  a (或one's)holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。这种用法的holiday 总用单数形式,但并不只是“一天”假。 复数形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays 暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday ”中的holiday 却是“一天”的假。 ◇ leave 指“请假”,被批准后离开自己的工作的一段时间 He stays at home on sick leave.  他请了病假呆在家里。 He asked for a six months' leave.  他请了6个月的假。 ◇ vacation 在英国指大学的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美国可指任何假日(期) The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation. 这些大学生在计划着怎样过暑假。 Mr. Fuller is on vacation now. 费勒先生在度假。 ◆ honour homage reverence  deference ◇ 都含“尊敬”、“敬意”的意思。 ◇ honour 指“普遍承认或钦佩某人的人格、事迹等因而受到的尊敬”, 如: in hono(u)r of the martyred dead   向死难烈士致敬。 ◇ homage 指“以诚恳恭敬的态度表示敬意” 如: They bowed in homage to the Unknown Soldiers.   他们向无名烈士墓鞠躬致敬。‎ ◆ reverence指“崇敬”, 如 He held her in reverence.   他崇敬她。 ◇ deference指“听从长者、上司、或值得尊重的人表现出的尊敬”, 如: Do you treat your parents and teachers with deference?     你对父母师长尊敬吗? ◆ hurt; injure; wound; cut ◇ hurt为普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰),也可指精神上、感情上的伤害(被very much/rather/deeply修饰),多指伤痛。如: I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那场足球赛中,我的腿受了重伤。 He felt rather hurt at your words.你的话使他很难过。 ◇ injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等,强调功能的损失。如: A bullet injured his left eye.一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。 ◇ wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤或战场上受伤。也可指人们精神上的创伤。如: The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺伤了他。 You have wounded his pride.你伤害了他的自尊心。 ◇ cut指无意中造成的轻伤。如: How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的伤口是怎么弄的?‎ I ◆ identical,alike,resemble ◇ identical adj.指同一个人或物时,表示“同一的”,可以与same互换。在描写两个或两个以上人或物时,表示“完全一样的”。 ◇ alike   adj.常作表语,表示在外表、性格或品质等方面几乎相同。 ◇ resemble       v.指看起来象。 A.After the earthquake the city ___ a battle field. B.The interests of both parties mayn ot be ____,but they do overlap considerably. C.You and your father don’t look very much ____. D.This gun is ____ to the one which the murderer used. Key: A. resembled     B. identica    C. alike     D. identical ◆ illness;sickness;disease三者均有“病或疾病”之意。 ◇ disease 具体指身体上发生的任何不适或疾病,可引申为某种“弊端”,如:heart disease “心脏病”;disease of society“社会弊端”等。 ◇ sickness 和 illness 可指任何疾病或不适。但在英国,用法有些区别:sickness 多用来指恶心、呕吐之类的疾病及因某种外因引出的疾病;‎ illness主要用于因人体内部的虚弱或失调引起的疾病。在时间上,短时的病痛多用 sickness,较长时间的病痛多用 illness。例如: He suffered from mountain ‎ sickness.他患有高山病。 The child has suffered from illness for two years.这孩子已经病了两年了。 Rough seas caused much sickness among the passengers.      汹涌的海浪使许多乘客感到恶心。 ◆ increase(decrease)…by;increase(decrease)…to ◇ 与increase,decrease搭配时,by表示数量增加或减少的幅度,即在原有的基础上“增加或减少了多少”;to则表示“增加或减少到多少”。试比较: The production cost of these trucks has decreased by one third compared to last year. 与去年相比,这些卡车的生产成本降低了三分之一。 The population of India has increased to one billion.印度的人口已经增加到了十亿。 ◆ in all; at all; after all ◇ in all意为“总共”,既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如: There are 25,000 Inuit in all.(=In all, there are 25,000 Inuit.)   这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。‎ after all意为“毕竟”。表示“和预期相反”常放在句末;用来提醒不要忘记某个重要的结论或理由,一般放在句首。后者也可译为“要记住,别忘了”。如: I thought he was going to help us, but he didn’t after all. 我以为他会帮助我们的,但他终究没有帮我们。 After all your birthday is only two weeks away. 别忘了,再过两周就是你的生日了。 ◇ at all用在否定句或本身带不肯定意义的肯定句中,以加强语气,意为“根本;竟然”。如: I don’t agree with you at all.我根本不同意你的意见。 I was surprised at his coming at all. 我很奇怪,他竟然来了。(本来我以为他不会来的。) ◆ in the morning;on the morning of 按英语的习惯用法,in the morning(afternoon/evening)表示“在早上(下午)晚上”之意,而on the morning(afternoon/evening)of则表示“在某个具体的一天的早上(下午/晚上)”之意,试比较: 1)He often reads English and Chinese in the morning. 他常在早上朗读英语和语文。‎ ‎2)At 5∶13 on the morning of April 18th,1906,the city of San Francisco was shaken by a terrible earthquake. 1906年4月18日早晨5点13分,旧金山市发生了一次可怕的地震。 ◆ in the way; in a way; in no way; on the way ◇ in the way 意为“挡道;妨碍(某人)”。如: Tell the boy not to stand in the way.叫那个男孩别挡道碍事。 ◇ in a way 意为“用某种方法(做某事)”。名词way前面常有形容词或this/that修饰。如: He worked out the problem in a simple way.他用简单的方法算出了这道题。 In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became good friends. 就这样一连过了好几天,艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。 注意:如果in a way单独使用,way前不加任何修饰语,意为“在某种程度上;在某些方面(某一点上)”。如: The article is well written in a way.从某种程度上来说,这篇文章写得不错。 ◇ in no way 意为“决不;一点也不”,常用来加强语气。如: They are in no way similar to each other.他们毫无相似之处。 ‎ ‎◇ on the way 意为“在途中”,其后常接to,表示“在去某地或做某事的路上”。如: He lost his ticket on the way to the cinema.他在去电影院的路上把票弄丢了。‎ J ◆ just/just now 它们都有“刚”的意思,都与时间有关。 ◇ just表示“刚,刚刚”。多与完成时态连用。 如:I've just borrowed a picture-book.我刚借了一本图画书。 ◇ just now表示“刚才”,强调过去的动作,所以与一般过去时态连用。 如:She ate a big apple jus tnow.她刚才吃了一个大苹果。 K ◆knock…into;knock into;knock down;knock at/on ◇knock…into…意为“把……插/撞/敲/打入……中”。如: Then they knocked a stick into the earth. 然后他们把木棒插入泥土中。 ◇knock into意为“撞在……上”。into是介词,只能位于其宾语前。如: Look out!Don’t knock into others. 小心!别撞到别人身上。 ◇knock down意为“撞倒、打倒”。down为副词,宾语是名词时,down可位于名词前或后宾语是人称代词时,down必须位于宾语后。如: The car knocked the house down(=knocked down the house).小汽车把房子给撞倒了。‎ Be careful with the little trees.Don’t knock them down. 注意小树,不要把它们撞倒了。 knock at/on意为轻轻而有节奏地“敲”。它常用来表示“敲门/窗”等。如: Who is knocking at the door﹖  谁在敲门? Knock on the window pane; they may be in.  敲一下玻璃窗,他们或许在里面。‎ L ◆ late; lately; later; latest ◇ late可作形容词或副词,意为“迟(的);晚(的)”。如: He often comes late for school.他上学常迟到。 They were late for the film.他们看电影迟到了。 ◇ lately是副词,意为“最近;近来”相当于recently,常与现在完成时连用。如: I haven’t heard from him lately.我最近没收到他的来信。 ◇ later为late的比较级,意为“较迟的(地)”。另外,还可用作副词,意为“后来”。如: He goes home later than anybody.他回家比谁都晚。 See you later.回头见。 ◇ latest为late的最高级,意为“最迟的(地)”;也相当于newest,意为“最新的”。如: I go to bed latest in the family.我是家里睡觉最迟的。 Here is the latest news from a broad.下面是来自国外的最新消息。 ◆ like;as ◇ 二者都可以用作连词,作“像……一样”解,但like多用于非正式的美国英语里,as用于较为正式的场合。此外as从句中的谓语部分可以省略,而like从句中则不能省略谓语。如: Please do the experiment as Mr Li(does). 请像李先生那样做实验。(does可以省略) The fish doesn’t taste like(as)it should. 那鱼的味道不应该是那样的。‎ Ø 二者用作介词时,as强调同类属或完全像,往往指本身就是;like侧重于比较,本身不是。如: He works like a waiter. 他像侍者那样工作。(本身不是侍者) He works as a waiter.  他做侍者工作。(本身是侍者) ◆ likely; probable; possible 这三个词都表示“可能”,但possible和probable是形容词,只能修饰事、物;而likely既是形容词又是副词,可以修饰物,也可以修饰人。同时likely语气最强,probable次之,possible最弱。如: The USA is likely to carry out another attack on Iraq with the excuse of fighting terrorism.‎ ‎ 美国很可能以打击恐怖主义为借口,再次对伊拉克进行攻击。 It’s possible but not probable / likely that he will stick to his incorrect proposal. 他也许会坚持他的错误主张,但可能性不大。 ◆ living  alive  live 意思都含“活的”。 ◇ living 用于生物时, 指“活着的”, 如: Shelly was still living when Keats died.  济慈死时, 雪莱还在世。 ◇ alive 指“活着的”、“在世的”, 着重于状态, 它用作表语, 或放有名词或代词后作定语, 如: The spy was caught alive though he died from wounds the next day. 特务被活捉, 不过第二天便因重伤而死。 ◇ live 只用于物, 指“活的”, 如: a live rat一只活鼠。 ◆ live on; live by ◇ live on意为“以……为主食”;“靠……过活”后接表示“食物”、“人”、“收入”等的词。如: The soldiers lived on wild plants. 那些士兵靠吃野菜为生。 The whole family lived on the earnings of the two sisters.全家靠两姐妹挣钱过日子。 ◇ live by意为“靠……(手段)谋生”,后常接表示“获得经济手段”的名词或-ing形式。如: Writers live by their pens while fishermen live by fishing. 作家靠笔谋生而渔夫以捕鱼为生。 ◆ luggage; baggage ◇ 两者都表示“行李”,均是不可数名词。luggage属英式英语,是随身携带行李的总称;baggage属美式英语,是各种行李的总称。询问行李的多少,用how much引导疑问句;指行李的件数,需与a piece of或an article of连用。例如: two pieces of luggage/baggage 两件行李 three articles of luggage/baggage 三件行李 How much baggage/luggage does she have?她有多少行李?‎ M ◆ manage;try ◇ manage to do sth.暗含succeed in doing sth.之意,指“(经过努力和克服困难之后)将某事做成”,即经过努力达到了目的,重点在于结果,后接动词不定式,不接v-ing。例如: He managed to finish the work in time. 他总算按时完成了任务。 Do you think you can manage to get us some tickets? 你看能想办法给我们搞几张票吗? ◇ try to do sth.指“设法或试图”做某事,强调要做某事或尽力做某事(但不一定成功)。例如: She will try to learn English. 她要设法学会英语。 Try not to be late again. 注意别再迟到了。 ◇ try doing sth.的意思是“(用某种方法)试一试或试试看”,指“试”的方法或方式,看看情况会怎样或结果是否满意。例如: Try knocking at the back door if nobody answers you at the front door. 如果前门没人应,试着敲敲后门。 He tried sending her flowers,but it didn’t have any effect. 他试着给她送花,但无济于事。 ◆ meet;meet with ◇ meet可作“遇见”、“迎接”解。‎ ‎◇ meet with表示“遇见”、“碰到”时,常含有“偶尔”的意思(=come across,come upon)。此外,meet with还可表示“遭遇”或“经历”的意思。在美国英语中,meet ‎ with还可以表示“会见”。 1) I often meet her on the street. 2) She said she had to go to the station to meet her uncle. 3) I have met with this word many times in my reading. 4) You should not lose heart when you meet with difficulty in learning a foreign language. 5) The department head met with her in his office. ◆ meeting; conference; gathering; party ◇ meeting可以用于两人或多人,表示偶然的或拟定的,短暂的或持续的聚会。它的用途很广,可用于日常普通场合,也可用于特殊的或官方的正式场合。如: The students had a class meeting last Friday. The summit meeting of the state heads came to an end two days later. ◇ conference指专门性的正式会议,常用于就某个重大问题进行专门研究或交换意见的讨论会、协商会等。如: Many reporters came to attend the press conference. ‎ The annual conference of geologists will be held in Chicago this year. ◇ gathering一般指非正式的集会,常用于群众性的活动(像联欢会等)。如: A public gathering was held in Zhongshan Park on May Day. ◇ party指社交性或娱乐性的集会。如: Mary and I were invited to Jane’s birthday party the other day. Mr.Brown gave a dinner party last Thursday. ◆ merely; only; just ◇ 这三个词作副词表示 “仅、只”可以换用,并且都放在它们所修饰的成分之前,merely的用法较正式。 如: Instead of answering,she merely/only/just smiled.她没有作答,只是微笑而已。 She’s come here just/only/merely to see you.   她来这里只是为了看你。 ◇ 作形容词时, only表示“仅有的”;mere表示“仅仅的、单单的”;just意为“公正的”。如: a just man 光明正大的人 They were the only people who had the keys. 只有他们有钥匙。 Mere words won’t help.     光说(不做)无济于事。‎ N ◆ none/nobody (no, one)/nothing ◇ none既可指人又可指物,意为“没有任何人或物;一个人也没有”,后可跟of短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数均可。例如: —Have you bought any clothes?你买衣服了? —None.一件也没买。 None of us has/have been to Macao.我们没有一个人去过澳门。‎ ‎ ◇ no one=nobody,只能指人,意为“没有人”;nothing只能指物,表示“没有什么(东西)”。它们不可与of短语连用,作主语时谓语动词只能用单数。例如: Nobody(No one)likes to lose money,does he?谁也不喜欢丢钱,对吗? There's nothing in the bag.口袋里什么也没有。 O ◆ occur;happen;take place 三者都表示“发生”,都是不及物动词。 ◇ happen指“偶然发生”时,主语为“事”;当主语是“人”时,意为“碰巧”。‎ ‎◇  occur 指“发生”时可与 happen 换用,但后接to sb./sth.时,两者含义不同:happen to sb./sth. 指不好的事情发生在某人(物)身上;occur to sb./sth. 指“某种思想等呈现于某人的知觉中”。 ◇  take place 表示“发生”,可与 happen 或occur换用,但其后面一般不接 to sb./sth.结构;指必然会发生的事情时,多用 take place;此外take place 还可表示“举行某种活动”。如: He happened to know the place.   他碰巧知道那个地方。 When did the earthquake occur/happen? 地震是什么时候发生的﹖ Didn’t it occur to you to phone them about it? 你难道就没想过给他们打个电话﹖ Has anything happened to him﹖   他出什么事了吗﹖ In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.一九一九年,中国发生了五四运动。 ◆ official; officer ◇ official常指政府官员,行政官员,高级职员。如: the government officials政府官员。‎ ‎◇ officer常指穿着特别制服的官员军官,武官等。 如: officers of state部长(职位较高的);customs officer海关人员; railway officer乘务员;an officer of the law法官; police officer警官。 ◆on earth;on the earth;in the earthon earth有三层含义和用法: ◇作“到底”或“究竟”解,置于 what,when等疑问词之后,以加强问句的语气。例如: ①What on earth is it?这到底是什么东西? ②Why on earth did you tella lie?你究竟为什么要说谎? ◇作“当今”或“世界上”解,用于最高级之后,以加强语气。例如: He said,“I'm the happiest man on earth.”他说:“我是世界上最幸福的人。” ◇用于否定词之后,作“一点儿也不”解,以加强否定的语气。例如: ‎ ‎ It's no use on earth.这一点儿也没有用。 He said,“Nothing on earth can change my mind.”他说:“无论什么也不能改变我的主意。” ‎ ‎◇ on the earth作“在地球上”解。例如: We live on the earth.我们生活在地球上。 ◇ in the earth为“在地下”之意。例如: Many other animals dig holes in the earth.许多其他动物在地下挖洞。 ◆once;as soon as ◇两者均为从属连词,引导时间状语从句,都表示主句的动作紧跟在从句的动作之后发生。主要区别在于:once除含时间之意外,还表示“条件”,一般译作“一旦……就……”。例如: Once he makes up his mind,he’ll never give it up.他一旦下定决心,就决不会放弃(本句不可用as soon as)。 ◇而as soon as强调的只是时间,译作“刚……就……”或“一……就……”。例如: As soon as I get to Beijing,I’ll write to you.我一到北京就写信给你。 ◆ one another;each other ◇两者均表示“互相;彼此”,为代词,仅作动词或介词的宾语,不作其它成分。两者虽可换用,但each other多用于两者之间的关系,one another多用于三者或三者以上之间的情况。例如 We both see each other at the office every day.我们俩每天在办公室碰面。 The six blind men couldn’t agree with one another.这六个瞎子各执己见。 They hate each other/one another.他们互相憎恨。 ◆one's own/oneself ◇ 属于句子主语的“身内之物”(包括穿戴之物)或思想范畴内的东西,通常用one's own。 如: He cut his own hand.他割了自己的手。 I won't believe you until I've seen you in the jar with my own eyes.我要亲眼看见你在坛子里才会相信。 ◇one's own有时可指代前面提到过的同类事物。如: I don't need to borrow your pen.I've got my own.我不需要借你的钢笔,我有我自己的。 ◇oneself: 反身代词,强调句子主语发出的动作的承受者就是主语“自身”,即主语本身就是动作的承受者。 如: The little child cannot look after himself.这小孩不能自己照顾自己。 (该句中用himself,因为the little child 既是动作执行者,也是动作承受者。)‎ The girl put on her new clothes and looked about herself in the mirror. 那姑娘穿上新衣服,对着镜子打量着自己。 ◇ oneself一般不作定语,而one's own则可以作定语。 如:This is myself's book.(×)        This is my own book.(√)‎ P ◆particular; especial; special ◇particular着重指同类事物中某一个具有独特性质的事例,是相当“一般”而言的“特殊”、“特定”。如: On that particular day the stores are closed.在特定的那一天店铺都关了门。(平时没有这种现象) ◇special和especial都有“特殊的,特别的”之意。如: What are your special interests? 你有些什么特别的爱好? Collecting stamps is a matter of especial interest. 集邮是特别有趣的事。 ◇不同的是,special还有“专门的,额外的”的意思。如: You need a special tool to do ‎ that.干那个活儿要用专用工具。 Take special care of it.对这东西要特别细心。 ◆ persuade sb.to do sth.; advise sb.to do sth.; try to persuade sb.to do sth. ◇persuade sb.to do sth.意为“说服某人干某事”,其结果是成功的(即成功地说服某人干某事)。如: Tom persuaded his father to give up smoking at last.汤姆终于说服他父亲戒烟了。 ◇ advise sb.to do sth.意为“劝说某人干某事”,其结果可能是劳而无功(即“说”而未“服”)。如:‎ She advised her parents to give up smoking, but they wouldn’t listen. 她劝她的父母戒烟,但他们不愿听。 ◇ try to persuade sb.to do sth.意为“尽力说服某人干某事”,相当于advise sb.to do sth。如: I tried to persuade him to continue his study, but I failed. 我尽力劝他继续学习,但没有成功。 ◆ penny; pence; pennies ◇ penny“便士”,为硬币,是英国及爱尔兰等国的货币单位,100便士等于一英磅。pence及pennies都是penny的复数,但用法有别:pence指钱的总额,pennies指一个一个的硬币。例如: This pen costs thirty pence. 这支钢笔卖三十便士。 Give me ten pennies for this ten-penny piece. 请把这枚十便士的硬币换成十枚一便士的硬币。 ◇ “数词+penny”表示“……便士的”,为形容词,作定语;“数词+pence”表示“……便士”,为名词。试比较: five penny五便士的(形容词)      five pence五便士(名词) ◆ pity; shame ◇ 两者均可表示“遗憾的事”,常与a连用,指没实现某种愿望而感到遗憾、懊悔或可惜,可以换用。例如:‎ What a pity/shame that she can not come!   她不能来真是遗憾! It is a shame/pity that you can’t help us. 你不能帮助我们真是遗憾。 ◇ shame还可表示“可耻之事;令人难堪的事”,指说话人对某种行为感到厌烦、憎恶或讨厌,而pity没有这一意思。例如: It’s a shame to be so wasteful.这么浪费,太可耻了。 It’s a shame to treat animals like that.那样对待动物真是太过分了。 ◆ point to/ point out ◇ point to表示“指向”、“指着”,其中to表示方向;point out表示“指出”。EXERCISES:①Mr Li____one of these things.  ②Can you____my mistakes?        (Keys:①points to ②point out)  ◆ possibly; probably; perhaps; maybe 这几个副词都有“可能”的意思,用法如下: ◇ possible“或许;也许”,所指的可能性较小,为加强语气,可与can或could连用;与may连用,表示的可能性更小。例如: It may possibly be true.也许是真的。 Please call me as soon as you possibly can.请尽快给我打电话。‎ Could you possibly tell me the answer﹖你能告诉我这个答案吗? ◇ probably“很有可能;十之八九”,其语义较强,可能性较大。在否定句中,probably不能紧跟在否定词之后。例如: It will probably be fine tomorrow.明天大概会是晴天。 译:她大概不会来这里。 正:Probably she won’t come here. 正:She probably won’t come here.‎ ‎ 正:She won’t come here probably. 误:She won’t probably come here. ◇ perhaps“或许”,含有“可能这样,也可能不这样”之意,其含义和用法与maybe一样,多用于口语。maybe多用于美国英语。在这几个单词中,语义最强的是probably,其次是perhaps和maybe,最弱的是possibly。例如: Perhaps we will be late for work.或许我们上班会迟到。 Perhaps we’d better take a bus.也许我们最好乘公共汽车。 ◆ power  force  strength 都含"力"、"力量"的意思。 ◇ power 指 "身体上、精神上或心理上的力量, 不管是表现出来的还是潜在的", 如: It's beyond his power. 这是他力所不及的 ‎◇ force 指"运用或发挥出来的力量, 可以克服阻力, 使人或物按要求方向运动", 如: He did it with a great force.  他用了很大的力才把它做完了。 ◇ strength 指"内部固有的力量", 表示物质力量时, 着重"体格或构造健全、完善等方面的力量, 如体力强度等"; 表示精神力量时, 指"持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等", 如: the strength to lift something        举起某物的力。 ◆ prefer…to…;prefer to… rather than… ◇ 两个动词短语均可作“喜欢……而不喜欢……”或“宁愿……而不愿……”解,其后均可接名词。例如: I prefer volleyball to basketball(=I prefer to volleyball rather than basketball). 我喜欢排球而不喜欢篮球。 ◇ 主要区别在于:prefer…to…之后接动词时,均用-ing形式。例如: He prefers walking to cycling. 他宁愿步行而不愿骑自行车。 ◇ 而prefer to…rather than…之后接动词时,均要用动词原形。例如: Liu Hulan preferred to die rather than surrender before the enemy. 刘胡兰在敌人面前宁死不屈。 ‎ Xiao Wu prefers to work rather than sit idle. 小吴喜欢工作而不喜欢闲坐。    ◆ prepare;prepare for;prepare…for;be prepared for;be(get)ready ◇ prepare sth.意为“准备某事”强调准备的过程或动作,宾语必须是这一动作的直接承受者;另有“配置、调制”之意。 ◇ prepare for意为“为……作准备”,for后面的宾语是准备的目的,即所要应付的情况。 ◇ prepare sth.for意为“为……做好准备”。 ◇ be prepared for强调准备好的状态。 ◇be(get)ready意为“准备好”,着重指准备的结果。be(get)ready to do还有“乐于干……”的意思。  [EXERCISES] 1.We ____ the mid-term examination. 2.Wheat can be ____ in many different ways.‎ ‎ 3.The students ____ their lessons ____ the exam. 4.Can you ____ your future job? 5.He ____ always ____ to help others. 6.Miss Li said,“Everyone should ____ before class.” 7.Mother ____ lunch in the kitchen.‎ Key: 1.are preparing for   2.prepared   3.are preparing…for        4.be prepared for  5.is…ready   6.be ready    7.is preparing ◆ prize;medal ◇ prize是表示“奖品”或“奖(彩)金”之意。例如: Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. 1921年,爱因斯坦获得了诺贝尔物理奖。 She took the first prize for her singing. 她获得了唱歌一等奖。 ◇ 而medal是指“奖牌(章)”或“勋章”。例如: Carl Lew is won four gold medals. 卡尔•刘易斯夺得四块金牌。 A medal was given to the brave fighter. 勋章授给了那位英勇的战士。 ◆ put; place; lay 三个词都能作“放”解,细微的差别在于: ◇ put常指把某物弄到某个地方,并把它留在那里。如: Please put the umbrella behind the door.请把伞放在门后。 ◇ place主要指把东西放在一定的位置上。如: She placed the table in the middle of the room.她把桌子放在房间的中央。 ◇ lay常指把某物平放在某处。如: She laid the table for lunch.她摆好桌子准备吃饭。‎ ‎*注意下面几个动词的词形、词性及意义的区别。如: ü  lie (vi).-lied-lied-lying 撒谎。如: He has lied since his childhood.他从小就一直撒谎。 ü  lie(vi.) lay-lain-lying 躺;位于。如: He lay on the floor, reading a book.他躺在地板上看书。 ü  lay (vt.‎) laid-laid-laying 放;搁。如: He laid the book on the table.他把书放在桌子上。 Q ◆ quiet; silent; still ◇ quiet意为“安静的、寂静的”。用于自然环境,指没有活动、喧闹的寂静状态;指人时,表示生性安静、不易激动。如: Be quiet.Your father is sleeping now.安静点,你爸爸正在睡觉呢。 Jane was a quiet girl.简是个天性好静的女孩。 ‎ ‎ ◇ silent意为“寂静的、沉默的”,表示不说话、不弄出声响,但不一定指没有活动。如: He always keeps silent when the teacher questions him. 老师向他提问时,他总是保持沉默。 The class was silent as the teacher explained the exam rules.当老师解释考规时教室里寂静无声。 ◇ still意为“安静的、不动的”,不指心理状态,而指环境和人表面上无动作的平静状态。如: Stand still while I take your photo.站着别动,我给你拍照。 ‎ R ◆ raise; keep; support; feed 这四个词都有“抚养”、“养家”、“赡养”的意思,但也有区别。‎ ‎◇ raise意为“抚养(指人);饲养(指动物或禽畜)”之意。如: He raised the children himself;his wife died years ago. 他的妻子多年以前就去世了,他一手把孩子拉扯大。 He raised those goats from new-born kids.那些羊从小羊羔时就是他喂养的。 ◇ keep表示“养活(指人);饲养(指动物或禽畜)”。如: John has his wife and six children to keep(support).约翰要养活妻子和六个孩子。 They kept some hens and pigs.他们养了一些鸡和猪。 ◇  support意为“养活”,不用于饲养动物。如: She supports her old mother.她赡养老母亲。 He has a large family to support.他要养活一大家子。 ◇ feed意为“喂养;饲养;以……为食”。如: Have you fed the baby/cow yet?婴儿/牛喂了吗? She fed meat to her dog. =She fed her dog with/on meat.她用肉喂狗。 Foxes feed on small animals.狐狸以小动物为食。 ‎ ‎◆ rather than/would rather(…than)◇ rather than是连词,前后两端所连的词性是一致的,通常译为“而不是”或“与其说是……不如说是”,有时可用短语介词instead of替代。例如:    He was writing a letter rather than=(instead of)reading the newspaper.他那时正在写信而不在看报纸。    John should go rather than=(instead of)Jean.应该去的是约翰,而不是简。       These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.这些鞋子谈不上漂亮,但穿起来倒很舒服。    Evans is a doctor rather than a teacher.与其说埃文斯是个老师,不如说是个医生。 ◇ would rather表示选择或主观上的愿望,其中的would亦可理解为had。它表示“宁愿、宁可”的意思。如果要把取舍的双方都表达出来,则应该用would(or:had)rather…than,表示“宁愿……也不……”的意思。例如:     ‎ ‎ My aunt invited me to the film, but I said I'd rather go on a picnic with the girls.  我的姑妈邀请我去看电影,可是我说我倒愿意跟女孩子们一起去野餐。       I am sure they would(or:had)rather die than give up.我深信他们一定会宁死不屈。‎ ‎◆ refer to; refer…to ◇ refer to意为①“谈及”,“提到”;②“查阅”,“参考”。如: You are the very person I referred to just now.你正是我刚才所指的人。 Please refer to the map of the city when you first drive here. 当你第一次在这儿驾驶时,请参看市政地图。 ◇ refer…to意为①“把……提交给”,“把……归功于”②“让……处理/查找”,可用于被动语态。如: The dispute was referred to the United Nations.争端被提交联合国解决。 He referred me to the notes.他建议我参看一下注释。 We referred our great development to the correct leadership of the Party. 我们把我们所取得的巨大发展归功于党的正确领导。 ◆ reply;answer ◇ 二者均可表示“回答”,可作名词和动词。answer 为一般用语,主要用于对问题、指责等的回答;reply的用法较正式,多用于对问题作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。二者作名词时都指“……的答案或答复”,均与 to 连用。例如 Answer this question.   回答这个问题。 I asked her the reason, but she didn’t reply. 我问她为什么,她却不回答。 I received no reply / answer to my request.   我的要求没有收到任何答复。 ◇ answer 后面可直接跟宾语,而reply 跟宾语时须与 to 连用;answer 可表示对电话、敲门等作出的“应答”,reply 则不能。例如: You must reply to/answer this letter right away. 你应当马上回复这封信。 Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话? ◇ 如果是指练习题的“答案”,一般用 answer。例如: The answer to 6×10 is 60.   6乘以10 的答案是60。 ◆ reporter; journalist ◇ reporter=news reporter“新闻记者”,特指外出采访的记者。 ◇ journalist“记者”泛指新闻工作者,如报纸的编辑、采访记者、摄影记者都可以叫journalist。 ◆ road/street/way/path ◇ road意为“路”,“道路”,指供车辆或人通过的广阔平坦的大道,常指“公路”,“马路”等,两侧一般没有建筑物。例如:    ‎ Jim and Li Lei meet on the road.吉姆和李雷在路上相遇。   The car is running along the road.汽车沿着这条路行驶。 ◇ street指城镇、乡村两旁有建筑物的“街道”。“在街上”可以说on the street,也可以说in the street,前者是美国英语,后者是英国英语。例如: Go along the street,and take the third turning on the right.沿着大街走,在第三个路口往右拐。    There are many shops in the street. 街上有许多商店。 ◇ way意为“道路”,指street,road或任何可以通行的路,含义较抽象。口语中问路时常用way。way还可指路程距离。例如: How can I get there? I don't know the way. 我怎么能到达那里?我不知道路。       I asked the way to the station.我打听去车站的路。       It was a long way from here. 它离这儿很远。 ◇ path通常指“小路、小径”,只供人行走的路,可以是人们践踏而成的路,如山中、林间的羊肠小道;也可以指公园、田间的小路,还可以指供人或事物移动的“路线”等。例如:    They walked along the path across the field.他们沿着穿越田野的路走去。  ◆ room;place;space ‎◇ room有两层含义,一为“房间”,是可数名词;二表示人或物体所占的“空间或场所”、处事的“余地”等意思,是不可数名词,可用little,much,no,plenty等词修饰。可构成make room for给……让出地方;take up room占地方;leave room for留出空间给……等短语。 ◇ place指人们从事各种活动的“地方,场所,位置”,是可数名词,常用的短语有take one’s place就坐,入席;in place在适当的位置。 space意为“空间”,是不可数名词,表示万物存在之处;作“空隙、空白”解时,是可数名词。 [EXERCISES] 1.There isn’t ____ in the classroom for thirty desks. 2.Wuhan’s a hot ____ in summer. 3.There is ____ in improvement in your work. Key: 1.space/room  2.place  3.room ◆ run away/run after/ run through ◇ run away意为“逃走;逃跑;溜掉”等。 ◇ run after意为“追赶;追逐;寻找;搜寻”等。 ◇ run through意为“穿过;流过”等。 ①The dog____the hare(野兔)now.  ②The river____the village. ‎ ‎③When the policeman arrived,the thief____.  (Keys:①is running after ②runs through ③had run away) ◆ run out; run out of ◇ run out of表示“某人用完某物”,相当于及物动词,后面可接宾语,并可用于进行时。如: We are running out of fuel.我们的燃料快用完了。 ◇ 2run out指“某物用完了”,为不及物动词,不能用于被动语态。如: The fuel was rapidly running out.燃料很快就要用完了。 Time is running out.时间快到了。 ‎ ‎ ‎ S ◆ satisfaction; content ◇ satisfaction“满足”,为名词,指达到希望时所感觉到的较强的满足感,其形容词为satisfactory(指事物,不可用人作主语)或satisfied(可用人作主语)。例如: His success gave me great satisfaction. 他的成功令我非常满意。 Your work is satisfactory. 你的工作令人满意。 I am satisfied at your success. 我对你的成功感到满意。 ◇ content“满足”,为普通用语,语气较弱,其要求值不高,一般的事情只要过得去或没有什么不满就算content,可作名词或形容词(可用人作主语)。例如: He takes content in nothing. 他这人从不知足。 He takes content in everything. 他这人容易满足。 He is content to live in the countryside. 他满足于住在乡下。 ◆ search;search for; search…for;in search of ◇ search  vt.search sb.搜某人的身;search a place 搜某个地方。如: The policeman is searching a thief.那警察正在搜小偷的身。 ◇ search for sb./sth.搜寻、寻找某人、某物。如: They searched for that man everywhere.他们到处寻找那个人。‎ ‎◇ search…for sb./sth.搜……寻找某人、某物。如: They searched the woods for a lost child.他们在树林里搜寻一个丢失的孩子。 ◇ in search of中的search为名词,意为“寻找;寻求”。如: They went to Australia in search of gold.他们去澳大利亚寻找金子。 ◆ search; search for; look for ◇ search用作及物动词,后跟“人”时,意为“搜身”;后跟地点名词时,表示“对某地进行搜查”。也可在宾语后加for短语,表示搜查具体目标。如: The policemen searched everyone at the party. 警察对参加聚会的每个人都进行了搜身。 The enemy searched the mountain for the Red Army, but they failed. 敌人在山上搜寻红军,但没找到。‎ ‎ ◇ search for意为“寻找”,可视为是search...for的省略式,此时search为不及物动词。如: She searched for her lost cat everywhere,but failed. 她到处寻找走失的猫,但没找到。 ◇ 另外,search用作名词,常构成短语:in one’s search for相当于in search of, 后者search前不用冠词或人称代词。如: They went out in their search for food.=They went out in search of food.他们外出寻找食物。‎ ‎◇ look for意为“寻找”,但没有search for注意力集中,地点名词不可直接跟在look后作宾语,其前需加介词。如: What are you looking for on the playground﹖ 你在操场上找什么呢? ◆ set up;set out;set off;set about ◇ set up 建立政权、组织、国家等。如: The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse. 政府已成立工作组调查毒品泛滥问题。 ◇  set out 出发;动身。如: They set out for Beijing yesterday.他们昨天动身去北京。(此种情况下out可用off替换)。 ◇ set out to do sth.开始做某事。如: She set out to break the world land speed record.她决心打破陆上速度的世界纪录。 ◇ set off使(地雷、炸弹)等爆炸。如: Do be careful with those fireworks; the slightest spark could set them off. 要格外小心这些烟火,稍有火星就会引起爆炸。‎ ‎◇ set sb.off doing sth.使某人开始干某事。如:  Her imitations always set us off laughing.她模仿别人的动作,每次都把我们逗笑。 ◇ set about用于set about sth./doing sth.结构中,表示开始做某事,着手干某事。如: The new government must set about finding solutions to the country's economic problems. 新政府必须立即找出解决国家经济问题的办法。 ◆ so/such ◇ 两者都可以表示“如此”、“这样”。so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词;such是形容词,用来修饰名词,如果修饰单数可数名词(名词前常有形容词修饰),其后需加不定冠词a或an,即把不定冠词置于such的后面,形容词的前面。 例如: He writes so well.他字写得这么好。 He told us such a funny story.他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。 ◇ 另外,当名词前有many,much,few,little等词修饰时,用so,不用such;当单数可数名词前有形容词修饰时,也可以用so,但要调整冠词的位置,即冠词置于形容词之后,单数可数名词前。例如: ‎ They made so much noise,our teacher got angry.他们吵得这么历害,老师生气了。 It's so cold a day to day.(=It's such a cold day today.)今天是这么寒冷的一天。 ◆ so as to; in order to; so…as to ◇ so as to与in order to二者均表示“以便;为了”,后接动词不定式作目的状语,可以换用;但so as to引导的目的状语不能置于句首,而in order to则可以。如: He stopped working in order to/so as to take a rest.他停止工作以便休息。 In order to make a living, he had to work day and night.为了谋生,他不得不日夜工作。 ◇“so+形容词/副词+as to”的意思是“如此的……以致于”,引导表示结果的状语。如: He ran so fast as to get a pain in his side.他跑得太快,结果导致腹侧疼痛。 ◆ sometimes/sometime/some time ◇ sometimes是个频度副词,意为“有时”,表示动作发生的不经常性,常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。如: Sometimes I have lunch at school.有时我在学校吃午饭 ‎◇ sometime是个副词,意为“某时”,指时间上不确定的某一点,常用于过去时或将来时。如: I saw him sometime in July.七月有一天我曾见到过他。 ◇ some time是个名词短语,意思是“一段时间”,在句中常与for,take等词连用。如: I'll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间。 ◆ sow;plant;grow ◇ sow意为“播、撒、播种、种”,其后跟(the)seeds或“植物(结成种状的)”。如:  It’s time to sow wheat now. 现在该种小麦了。 Don’t sow the seeds of hatred. 请不要撒下仇恨的种子。(比喻用法) ◇ plant意为“栽、插、移植”,其后跟作物(多为苗状的)。如: He plants rice fastest in the village. 他在那个村子里插秧的速度最快。 The garden was planted with Chinese roses.  园子里栽上了月季。 ◇ grow作及物动词时,意为“种植、培植”,后接宾语(不表明种状还是苗状,强调种植后的栽培及管理过程);作不及物动词时,意为“生长、发育”;作系动词时,意为“变得”。如: ‎ They can only grow potatoes in the fields. 他们只能在地里种土豆。 It grows up straight and thin.  它长得又直又细。 It began to grow dark.  天渐渐黑了。 ◆ spend/take/pay ◇ spend“花费”常用于 Sb.spend(s)some money(time)on sth.或 Sb.spend(s)some money(time)(in)doing sth.其主语一般是人。‎ ‎ 如:He spent 20 yuan on the pen.他花了20元钱买了这支钢笔。 I spent a week(in)finishing reading the book.我花了一周时间读完这本书。 ◇ take常用于占用或花费“时间”,其句型为:Sth.takes sb.time 或 It takes sb.time to do sth. 如: The work will take us two hours.这项工作将花费我们两小时。 It took me three days to travel to Beijing.我在北京旅游了三天。 ◇ pay“付款、给……报酬”,它可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。pay常用于以下几种句型:①Sb.pay(s)sb.money意为“某人付款给另一个人或某人给另一个人多少报酬”。 如: He pays me fifty yuan a week.他每周给我五十元的报酬。 ②pay for sth.意为“付……款、给……报酬”。 如:‎ He has paid for the meal.他已付了那顿饭的钱。 ③pay money for sth.意为“花多少钱买某物”。如: My father paid 40 pounds for the desk.我父亲花了40英磅买了这张书桌。 ◆ step/walk ◇ 这两个词都与“走、步行”有关,它们都可以作动词或名词。 step多用来指“短步,台步或急步”,而walk多用来表示“漫步,散步或稳步”。 如:作动词The young man stepped into the house.那位年轻人走进房子里。(表示走的动作短、急) The young man walked into the house.那位年轻人走进房子里。(表示走的动作慢、稳) 作名词 We heard his steps of coming home.我们听到了他回家的脚步声。(表示脚步声) Let's have(take)a walk,shall we?咱们散散步,好吗?(表示四处走动走动) ◆ steady;firm ◇ firm常译为“坚固的”,“坚决的”,表示具体的事物地位 牢固不易动摇;也可表示意志、信仰的“坚定”。如: We must stop people walking on this floor until it is firm. 我们一定不能让人在这地板上走动,要等地板牢固了才行。 Our friendship is as firm as a rock. 我们的友谊坚如磐石。 ◇ steady则意为“稳固的”,“扎实的”,强调保持平衡不动摇,如指有形物,则指根基的稳固;也可用于指运动中的平稳。如: It is hard to hold a steady position on the beam. 在平衡木上保持平衡是很困难的。 He is making steady progress.他正取得稳步的进步。  ◆ stop/pause/end  三者都表示“停止”,都可作动词用。 ◇ stop后跟to do时,表示停下来去做另一件事;后跟doing时,表示停止正在做的事情。如:   ‎ ‎ He stopped to greet us. 他停下来向我们打招呼。  I have stopped smoking. 我已戒烟了。 ◇ pause含有“休、止”之义,强调“中止”。如: ◇ end多指“自然的结束”。如:    The book ends on page 364. 该书在第364页结束 ◆ struggle; fight ◇ fight意为“打仗,战斗,和……作斗争”。常构成词组:fight for为……而战;fight against为反对……而斗争;fight with和……一起战斗。如: Lincoln fought hard for freedom of all people.林肯为全民的自由而奋斗。 Some countries who fought with each other in World War II fought against each other in the Cold War. 有些在二战中并肩作战的国家在冷战中却互相进行争斗。 ◇ struggle意为“挣扎”,也可指“斗争”,与fight相比,斗争更为费力,处境更难。struggle against和(同)……斗争;struggle for为……斗争。如: The Canadians struggled all through the years with us against the Japanese. 那些加拿大人那些年一直和我们一起同日本人斗争。 The book is about their struggle for liberation. 这本书写的是他们为解放而作的斗争。 ◆ supply; provide 两者均可表示“供应;供给”,指对于缺乏或不足的事物进行补充或供给,用法如下:‎ ◆ ‎◇ supply常与to/for或with连用,其结构是:supply sth.to/for sb.或supply sb.with sth.。例如: They supply food to/for the survivors.=They supply the survivors with food.他们供应食物给幸存者。 ◇ provide常与for或with连用,其结构是:provide sth.for sb.或provide sb.with sth.。例如: He provides food and clothes for his family.=He provides his family with food and clothes.他给家人提供衣食。‎ ◆ T ◆ take along; take care of; take place; take out 1) Miss Wang ___ a handkerchief and blew her nose. 2) Mr Zhang ___ some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there. 3) Since 1996, great changes ___ in our school. 4) My grandmother was ill.I must stay at home to ___ her. 析: ①took out。表示“拿出;掏出”。 ②took along。表示“携带;随身带着”,其中along是副词。 ③‎ have taken place。表示“发生”,相当于一不及物动词,无被动语态。 ④take care of。表示“照料;照管;照顾”。 ◆ tell ... from; tell ... between ◇ 二者均为习惯用法:tell A from B意为“区分A和B”,也可以说成tell the difference between A and B。如: Can you tell American English from British English﹖  你能分辨出美国英语和英国英语吗? To tell the truth, I really can’t tell the differences between the Maori and American Indians.  老实说,我真的分不清毛利人和印第安人 ◆ ‎◆ the same as;the same that ◇ the same as是表示“相似或同一类的人和事”之意。例如: Many of the sports were the same as they are now. 过去的很多体育项目和现在的一样。 This is the same book as Mr Wang lost. 这本书跟王先生丢失的那本一模一样。 ◇ 而the same that作“同一个人或同一件事”解。例如: This is the same book that Mr Wang lost. 这本书就是王先生丢失的那本书。 That is the same bike that I lost. 那辆自行车就是我丢失的那辆。 ◆ think of/think about/think over ◇ 这三个词组都与“想”有关,但所表达的含义有所不同。 ◇ think of多用来指“想起,认为”。 如: Last night,before I went to bed,I thought of my parents.昨晚我睡觉前,想起了我的父母。 What do you think of that book?你认为那本书怎么样? ◇ think about 多用来指“考虑某事情或对某事进行思考”。 如: Think about what you have done!想想你所做的这一切吧! ◇ think over意思是“仔细考虑,认真思考”。 如 ◆ Before you answer this question,please think it over. 在回答这个问题之前,请认真考虑一下。 ◆ this kind of, of this kind ◇ 二者都表示“这种……”,但“this kind of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数常与kind保持一致;“名词+of this kind”作主语时,谓语动词的数常与该名词保持一致。如: This kind of actress is easy to find but directors of this kind are scarce. 这种女演员不难找,可是这种导演却不多见。 ◆ though;although;as ◇ 这三个词都可以表示“虽然”、“尽管”。though和although引导让步状语从句时,常可互换,只是although的语气更强一些。如:‎ ‎ Though/Although it was late,the farmers kept on harvesting the crops by the lights of the tractors. ◇ 此外,though可以用于省略句,although很少这样用though引导的从句可以部分倒装,although引导的从句不用倒装语序。如: Though poor, he is always neatly dressed. Poor though I am, I can afford it.‎ ◇ as表示“虽然”、“尽管”引导让步状语从句时,从句要用倒装语序,将表语、状语等置于句首。 Tired as he was, he went on working with his workmates. Child as he is, he knows a lot about the computer. 注意:as引导让步状语从句时,若充当表语的名词位于句首,则该名词前面不用冠词。 ◆ through; over; across; into 1) The PLA man jumped ___ the water to save the boy. 2) The highway goes under the river ___ the tunnel. 3) There is a bridge ___ the river. 4) The ship sailed ___ the Atlantic. 5) The students walked ___ the gate with Mr Liu. 析: ①into。意为“进入;到……里”,含动作方向为由外向里之意。 ⑤through。意为“通过;穿过”,侧重于指从物体的中间穿过。 ③over。此处意为“(位置)横跨;在……上面”,表示动作时为“越过……”之意。 ④across。意为“横过;穿过”,一般指从房间、原野、海洋等一端横越到另一端或两个动作方向成十字交叉状。   ◆ trip;journey;travel;tour ◇ ‎◇ trip是非正式用语,指短时间内往返的商业旅行或观光旅行。如: We went on a pleasant trip to the nearest seaside during our vacation. 在假期里我们到最近的海滨作了一次愉快的旅行。 ◇ journey常指由某一地点到另一地点的旅行,也指旅行的路程,是比较正式的用语。如: He made a long journey from Beijing to London. 他从北京到伦敦做了一次长途旅行。 ◇ travel泛指旅行、游历,是最为普通的用语,但无路程的含义。如: He came home after five years of travel. 五年的旅行后,他回到家中。 ◇ tour常指访问多处的观光旅行,常指周游后回到原出发地之意。如: Confucius began to make his tour among the states. 孔夫子开始周游列国。 ◆ try on; try out ◇ try on指“试穿(衣服、鞋子)”及“试戴(帽子)”等,其中的on为副词,当宾语是代词时,该宾语要放在on之前;如果宾语是名词,该宾语放在on之前或之后均可。例如:‎ try on a coat=try a coat on  试穿衣服 The new hat is for you.Please try it on. 这新帽子是给你的,请试试看。 ◇ try out指“试验或试用”某种机器、理论或方法,其中的out为副词,当宾语是代词时,try out要分开用。例如: We tried out this new crop on a large area last year. 去年我们大面积试种这种新庄稼。 I'll try it out and see if it works. 我来试试看能否行得通。 ‎ ‎ ‎ U ◆ used to; be used to; get used to ◇ used to意为“过去常常(做某事)”,后接动词原形。常用来表示今昔对比,含“(现在)已不那样做了”之意。如: She used to work hard.她过去工作很努力。(暗指现在工作不努力了。) ◇ be used to 有两个含义:①“被用来做某事”,后接动词原形。②“习惯于;适应”,后接名词、代词或v-ing,表示一种状态。如: Computers are used to do many things for people now. 现在计算机被用来做许多事情。 He is used to hard work.  他现在习惯于艰苦的工作。 She isn’t used to living in the countryside now. 她不习惯在乡下生活。 ◇ get used to 意为“习惯于”,表示一个动作,含“由不适应向适应的转变”,其后接名词、代词或v-ing。如: You’ll soon get used to the weather here.你很快就会适应这儿的天气。‎ V ◆ vast; huge     两者都是形容词,意思是“巨大的、庞大的”。在强调面积和范围的宽广或博大时,用vast;指体积或容量等方面“巨大、超过一般标准”时,用huge。如: This area is covered in vast forests. 这个地区被一片广阔无垠的森林覆盖。 That’s a huge ship. 那艘船好大。 ◆ very; right; just   三者都含有“正好;就是”之意; ◇ very是形容词,用来修饰名词,位于the, this,my等限定词后; ‎ ‎◇ right和just作副词,用来修饰谓语(常为动词be)或作状语的介词短语等,须放在the, this,my等限定词之前。如: At the very beginning of this term, they took an exam. 就在学期开始的时候,他们举行了一次考试。 He is just the actor I want.他正是我所想要的演员。 The police looked at the thief right in the eye.警察目不转睛地盯着小偷。‎ W ◆ wash/wash away ◇ wash表示“洗(手、衣服等)”,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词; ◇ wash away表示“冲走”、“冲垮”、“洗掉”,作及物动词短语用。 [EXERCISES] ①The flood____some of the houses in the village.  ②He____his face and hands,then went downstairs.  ③You must____before dinner.  (Keys: ①washed away ②washed ③wash)     ◆ wear;have on;put on;dress;(be)in+颜色(服装、眼镜等) ◇ wear主要用于穿衣服、戴眼镜(手套、首饰、帽)等,以强调“穿(戴)着”的状态。例如: Mr Wu always wears a blue coat in winter. 吴老师冬天总是穿着一件蓝色大衣。 ◇ have on作“穿(戴)着”解,同wear一样,也表状态,但不用于进行时态。例如: Xiao Wang has on a white shirt today.(=Xiao Wang is wearing a white shirt today.) 小王今天穿着一件白衬衫。‎ ◇ put on着重强调“穿(戴)上”的动作。例如: I like to put on my hat when I go out in winter. 冬天,我喜欢外出时戴上帽子。 ◇ dress既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,所接宾语是人而不是衣、帽等物。例如: 1)Her mother is dressing her. 她母亲正在给她穿衣服。 2)The nurses are dressed in white. 护士穿着白衣服。 ◇ “(be)in+颜色或服装、眼镜等”也表示“穿着”的状态,在句中作表语或定语。例如: He is in uniform  today. 他今天穿着制服。 ◆ work on/work at ◇ work on表示“从事”、“创作”、“进行”,后面接名词、代词或V-ing,强调做具体的事;还可表示“继续工作”、“努力说服”,既可作及物动词短语用,又可作不及物动词短语用。例如: Miss Liu is working on a new book.刘老师正在写一部新书。 We'll work on till midnight.我们将继续工作到午夜。 ◇‎ ‎ work at表示“致力于”、“从事于”、“研究”、“学习”,后面接名词、代词或V-ing,强调把时间和精力等用在某一方面的事情上,侧重于说明所从事的工作性质。例如 Mr.Zhang is working at a new invention.张先生正从事于一项新的发明。 He has worked at this subject for many years.他研究这门学科已经好多年了。 ◆ would do sth.; used to do sth. 这两个短语都可以表示“过去经常做某事”,但区别是: ◇ would do sth.表示过去某一段时间内习惯性的行为、活动; used to do sth.在时间上主要是同现在对比,暗含“现在已不这样了”的意思;其后既可接表示动作的动词,也可接表示认知或状态的动词。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎