【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意型试题命题分析及解题指导教案（22页） 22页

‎2018届二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意型试题命题分析及解题指导 一、【专项直击】‎ 主旨大意题在高考中也是重点考查类型的试题，在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心，作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明中心话题。因此，把握主旨大意对于正确理解全文具有重要意义。根据试题命题特点，主旨大意题可以分为标题归纳题，主题归纳题，和考察作者写作目的题。‎ 二、【思维导航】‎ 主旨（大意）题（概括）题份量不少。一般为3-5道小题 主旨题考查的内容主要包括主题思想、写作意图、文章的题目等。因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：‎ ‎■常见的提问方式有：‎ ‎（1）What is the general/main idea of the passage？‎ ‎（2）The main theme of the passage is_____.‎ ‎（3）The passage is mainly about_____.‎ ‎（4）The first paragraph tells us that_____.‎ ‎（5）Which of the following can be the best title of the passage？‎ ‎（6）Which of the following expresses the main idea？‎ ‎（7）What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？‎ ‎（8）What is the author’s main point？‎ ‎《教学大纲》和《考试大纲》都要求考生首先必须掌握所读材料的主旨大意，这是对阅读的最重要、最基本的要求之一。不掌握主旨大意，就失去了阅读的意义研究高考题阅读理解，我们会发现，命题者越来越注重考查学生把握全文和中心思想的能力。因此，每年阅读理解题中的主旨大意题都在5题左右。‎ ‎2010年高考英语试题中，阅读理解题的考查集中表现为对主旨大意、推理判断、细节理解、词义猜测的考查，下面就主旨大意题做一分析。‎ 主旨大意题要求考生归纳文章或段落的中心大意（main idea），选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，考查的是文章的中心。2010年全国各省市19套高考英语试题中，有16套试题进行了主旨大意考查，涉及的题目共32道。‎ 一、主旨大意题的题干表现形式 ‎1.主题型主旨大意题。‎ This passage/text is mainly about… （2015江西卷 E 75；2015安徽卷E 75）‎ Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees? （2016江西卷 A59）‎ What is the text（passage）mainly about？2017全国卷I B 59；全国卷IC 63）‎ What is the main idea of the passage?（2016浙江卷 C 52）‎ What does the passage（text）mainly discuss?（2016江西卷D 71；全国卷I D 67）‎ What does this text mainly talk about? （2015全国卷II C 50）‎ What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about? （2017四川卷C 51）‎ what is the theme of the story?（2015湖北卷A54）‎ What is the message mainly expressed in the story? （2016重庆卷A 59）‎ ‎2.目的类主旨大意题。‎ The main purpose of the text is to _______. （2016安徽卷D 71）‎ What is （the main） purpose of this（the） text （passage）?（2015四川卷B 48、C52 ；2015重庆卷E 75）‎ What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? （2015湖北卷E 70）‎ The author intends to.（2015福建卷B 62）‎ The purpose of the … is to （2016福建卷D 71）‎ ‎3.标题类主旨大意题。‎ The best title for the text（passage）would（might）be ____________.（2015安徽卷A 59）‎ Which of the following is （might be） the best title for the passage? （2010广东卷 B 50； 2016江苏卷 D 70； 2016上海卷C 75）‎ Which of the following can（would） be the best title of（for） this（the） text（passage）? （2016四川卷A 44；2015重庆卷D 71）‎ What can（would） be the best title for the（this） text（passage）? （2010湖南卷C 70；2016福建卷B；2017全国卷II B 49； 2016辽宁卷C 67； 2017天津卷 D 55）‎ Which is the best possible title of the passage? （2015湖北卷C 62）‎ 二、主旨大意题的解题技巧 ‎1.用略读法（Skimming）迅速浏览全文。‎ 特别注意文章的首句、尾句，或每段的首句、尾句，遇到生词尽量猜，猜不出的生词就跳过去。‎ ‎2.找准主题句。‎ 主题句通常是一段的句首或句尾，偶尔在一段中间，有的文章无明显的主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。‎ ‎3.抓住中心词。‎ 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。‎ 下面结合2016年高考试题分类例析主旨大意题的解题方法和技巧 ‎1.主题句在文首（2016辽宁卷，C）‎ Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.‎ One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.‎ A second study ,looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year -olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause anddon't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters （年轻人）may watch lots of TV.‎ Their study measured the TV habits of 26-year-olds between ages5 and 15. These with college degrees had watch an average of less than two hours of TV per week night during childhood, compared with an average of more than 2 1/2 hours for those who had no education beyond high school.‎ In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest.‎ While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores, it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn't have TVs in their bedrooms ‎67. What would be the best title for this text?‎ A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on Children C. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Children's Learning Habits ‎【答案】B。‎ ‎【点拨】主题型主旨大意题。主题句出现在文章第一段（见画线部分）。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了看电视对儿童学习能力及受教育水平所造成的影响。‎ ‎2.主题句在文尾（2016重庆卷，E）‎ Humans are naturally drawn to other life forms and the worlds outside of our own. We take delight in the existence of creatures and even whole societies beyond our everyday lives.‎ This sense of wonder is universal. Look at the efforts that scientists have made to find out whether life of some kind exists on Mars, and the popularity of fantasy （幻想） literature or movies like The Lord of the Rings. This sense of wonder draws us to each other, to the world around us, and to the world of make-believe. But have we gone so far in creating worlds of fantasy that we are missing the pleasure of other worlds that already exist all around us?‎ Human beings, as biologists have suggested, possess an inborn desire to connect with and understand other life forms. However, people, especially in big cities, often lead rather isolated lives. In a study of British schoolchildren, it was found that children by age eight were much more familiar with characters from television shows and video games than with common wildlife. Without modem technology, a small pond could ‎ be an amazing world filled with strange and beautiful plants, insects, birds, and animals. When we lack meaningful interaction（交互） with the world around us, and sometimes even with our families and friends, we seek to understand and communicate with things that exist only in our imaginations or on a computer screen。‎ The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet（出路） for our sense of wonder, then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense, are really part of our own.‎ ‎75. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To show us the hidden beauty in our world.‎ B. To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world.‎ C. To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder.‎ D. To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe.‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【点拨】目的类主旨大意题。主题句在文章最后一段（见画线部分）。本文讲述我们对于外部世界和外来生命的探索（如火星上的生命存在问题）已经远远超出了其行为的本身。作者写这篇文章的目的就是要提醒我们不要沉迷在幻想之中。由此判断选B项。‎ ‎3.主题句贯穿全文 ‎（2016福建卷，B）‎ Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions（地区）of the world, it remains the next big thing——finally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better.‎ Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U.S. , where are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013——pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.‎ Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages, women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands’ approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl. They were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education. In the Indian state of Gujarat, Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Bollywood songs with words in Gujarati on the screen. Within six months, viewers had made a small but ‎ significant（有意义的） improvement in their reading skills.‎ Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.‎ ‎62. The author intends to .‎ A. stress the advantages of TV to people’s lives B. persuade women to become more independent D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google C. encourage people to improve their reading skills ‎【答案】A ‎【点拨】目的类主旨大意题。全文叙述了作者对于电视的看法，意欲强调电视在世界范围内对人们的生活起着积极的作用。故A项正确 ‎63. What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A.TV Will Rule the World B.TV Will Disturb the World C.TV Will Better the World D.TV Will Remain in World ‎【答案】C ‎【点拨】标题类主旨大意题。有文章第一段第二句“Television is still the most influential medium around.”第三段第一句“Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. ”及文章最后一段第二句“However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.” 可知，本文主要讲的是电视将会让人们生活越来越好。C项涵盖了文章的中心内容，恰如其分地表达了文章的主旨大意。由此可知应选C项。rule统治；disturb妨碍，含贬义；remain仍然是，仍存在，均体现不出电视的益处，与主题不符。‎ ‎4.无明显主题句，但有高频信息词 ‎（2016安徽卷，E）‎ The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water. With 97% of the world’s water too salty to salty to be drunk or be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide Supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture, Although the idea of a water shortage（短缺）seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world’s agricultural industries experience constant water shortages .‎ Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution（重新分配） are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself ,but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys（山谷） are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed . Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.‎ This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation（灌溉）. In Texas, farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed.‎ Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation（灌溉）water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.‎ ‎75. The text is mainly about .‎ A. water supply and increasing population B. water use management and agriculture C. water redistribution and wildlife protection D. water shortages and environmental protection ‎【答案】B ‎【点拨】主题型主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了世界可用淡水资源的匮乏及对农业的影响。本文前面部分主要是讲述农业上在利用水资源过程中存在的一些问题，后面部分接下来是介绍加强水资源管理的方法和措施。文中多次出现的信息词（见画线部分）有：agriculture，management，agricultural，overuse of irrigation water，water use，managed等，只有B项能反映文章主题，故选B项。‎ ‎5.没有明显的主题句和高频词出现，要根据全文来总结出主旨大意。‎ ‎（2016四川卷，C）‎ Alex London Research Laboratory （ALRL） is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases．‎ A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager（ROM） to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010．‎ Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction．You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’S Health and Safety，and to communicate （沟通）with support employees at ALRL’S laboratories based at University College London．Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories．‎ Candidates（申请人） will have experience of both management and research support／technical services．Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree ‎ level is also desirable．‎ If you are interested in this position，please send your CV（简历）to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk．‎ For more Information．please visit www.alex.co.uk．‎ ‎51．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?‎ A．The technical skills of a would-be ROM．‎ B．The practical experience of a would-be ROM．‎ C．The personal information of a would-be ROM．‎ D．The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM．‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【点拨】主题型主旨大意题。依据第四段提供的所有信息：申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，可总结出主旨：本段主要谈及对应聘职位者的具体能力要求。‎ ‎52．What is the purpose of the text?‎ A． To describe the job of a ROM．‎ B． To provide information about ALRL．‎ C． To announce an open position at ALRL．‎ D． To make known the opening of the new laboratories．‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【点拨】目的类主旨大意题。本篇文章为广告招聘，属于应用性文题。文章提供了Alex Co., Ltd招聘一名ROM的信息，并对要招聘的职位提出了具体的要求。目的自然是让大家了解ALRL公司有一公开招聘的职位。‎ 三、【考点在线】‎ 考点1 标题归纳题 标题归纳题是阅读理解中的常考题型。“常考常错”着实让许多考生很头疼。其实只要掌握了阅读的方法和要领，问题就会迎刃而解。选择文章的标题时应注意以下几点：‎ ‎(1)要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系；‎ ‎(2)再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，看题目是过大还是过小；‎ ‎(3)要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，从而导致不能全面概括文章大意)；②过度概括(多表现为标题概括内容超出了文章大意)；③以事实、细节替代抽象、具体的大意。要正确地选择标题还需要了解标题的写作格式。一般来说，标题的写作方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法规则浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。‎ A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dipping below l6℃. Rain forests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover，these areas would reflect more heat into the atmosphere，warming the rest of the world. Losing the rain forests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns，potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world.‎ In the past hundred years，humans have begun destroying rain forests in search of three major resources（资源）：land for crops，wood for paper and other products，land for raising farm animals. This action affects the environment as a whole. For example，a lot of carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）in the air comes from burning the rain forests. People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit.‎ There are two main reasons for this. Firstly，when people cut down trees，generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly，cutting large sections of rain forests may provide a good supply of wood right now，but in the long run it actually reduces the world’s wood supply.‎ Rain forests are often called the world’s drug store. More than 25％ of the medicines we use today come from plants in rain forests. However，fewer than l％of rainforest plants have been examined for their medical value. It is extremely likely that our best chance to cure diseases lies somewhere in the world’s shrinking rain forests.‎ ‎75. What might be the best title for the text?‎ A. How to Save Rain forests B. How to Protect Nature C. Rain forests and the Environment D. Rain forests and Medical Development ‎【试题分析】答案C，文章用了较大的篇幅说明了雨林和环境的关系，破坏雨林就会破坏环境，对我们产生很大影响，尽管最后一段作者也说明了雨林存在潜在的好药物，但这不是文章的写作中心。标题是文章主题的一种确认方式，通过寻找主题句，可以比较容易确定标题。但很多文章的主题句不明显，这就需要考生仔细体会字里行间的意思，从整体上把握文章的主旨，从全局的角度归纳概括出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以偏赅全。‎ 考点2主题归纳题 考生做题时，首先要找出文章的主题句(Topic Sentence)即中心思想，其他句子则为支撑句或扩展句(Developing Details)，是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的主题大意了。有时主题隐含在文章中，文中没有明确的主题句，考生必须根据文章的内容，进行综合分析，找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。这种类型的文章通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。‎ In ancient Egypt, the pharaoh(法老) treated the poor message runner like a prince when he arrived at the palace, if he brought good news. However, if the exhausted runner had the misfortune to bring the pharaoh unhappy news, his head was cut off.‎ Shades of that spirit spread over today’s conversations. Once a friend and I packed up some peanut butter and sandwiches for an outing. As we walked light-heartedly out the door, picnic basket in hand, a smiling neighbor looked up at the sky and said, “Oh boy, bad day for a picnic. The weatherman says it’s going to rain.” I wanted to strike him on the ‎ race with the peanut butter and sandwiches. Not for his stupid weather report, for his smile.‎ Several months ago I was racing to catch a bus. As I breathlessly put my handful of cash across the Greyhound counter, the sales agent said with a broad smile, “Oh that bus left rive minutes ago.” Dreams of head-cutting!‎ It’s not the news that makes someone angry. It’s the unsympathetic attitude with which it’s delivered. Everyone must give bad mews from time to time, and winning professionals do it with the proper attitude. A doctor advising a patient that she needs an operation dose it in a caring way A boss informing an employee he didn’t get the job takes on a sympathetic tone. Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver.‎ Unfortunately, many people are not aware of this. When you’re tired from a long flight, has a hotel clerk cheerfully said that your room isn’t ready ye? When you had your heart set on the toast beef, has your waiter merrily told you that he just served the last piece? It makes you as traveler or diner want to land your fist right on their unsympathetic faces.‎ Had my neighbor told me of the upcoming rainstorm with sympathy, I would have appreciated his warning. Had the Greyhound salesclerk sympathetically informed me that my bus had already left, I probably would have said, “Oh, that ‘s all right. I’ll catch the next one.” Big winners, when they bear bad news, deliver bombs with the emotion the bombarded (被轰炸的) person is sure to have .‎ ‎56. What is the main idea of the text?‎ A. Delivering bad news properly is important in communication.‎ B. Helping others sincerely is the key to business success.‎ C. Receiving bad news requires great courage.‎ D. Learning ancient traditions can be useful.‎ ‎【解析】答案A，根据题干可知，这是一道典型的主旨大意题。针对主旨大意类题目，应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文。文中多次举例说明人们对带给自己坏消息的人经常心生怨恨，所以给人带坏消息时要方法适当，因此在寻找答案时要找准关键词“deliver bad news”.‎ 考点3考察作者写作目的题 阅读理解中通常会要求考生结合自己对文章的理解，确定作者的写作目的、态度、观点等。而作者往往通过对事例、见闻的分析、评价来体现自己的态度和思想，所以在解答该类试题时，考生要重视文章细节，紧扣文意，作出结论。体会深层意义，辨清写作目的 做这一类题时一定注意：1. 由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。2. 要特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语和作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。3. 能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。‎ Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions—mistaken ideas. ‎ One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements（组成部分）of culture: language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners. ‎ Language ‎ A. knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. First, people can communicate directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communication with someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better. ‎ Values are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad . An attitude is a way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. For example, many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it. ‎ Customs and manners ‎ Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is the custom to have salad （色拉） before the main course at dinner, not after. It’s not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn’t sell well because the French don’t usually drink juice with breakfast. ‎ ‎60. The author’s purpose of writing this article is to tell people ___________ ‎ A. how to take a right attitude in business ‎ B. how to avoid misunderstandings in business ‎ C. how to use a local language in business ‎ D. how to act politely and properly in business ‎ ‎【试题解析】答案B，本题考察的是对作者的写作意图的理解。考生需要主要的是，解题时一定要联系文章中有关细节，因为作者的写作意图就是靠文章中的细节来体现的。本文介绍了成功的生意人之所以能取得成功，一个重要的原因在于他们理解不同民族的文化，并学会了根据不同的文化而改变自己的行为，即没有“民族优越感”。那么，怎样才能避免每个人心中由来已久的“民族优越感”呢？本文就语言，态度和价值观及风俗习惯等几个方面提出了一些建议。综上所述，B项为最佳答案。‎ 四、【易错点睛】‎ 做主旨大意题容易犯的错误：‎ ‎1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 ‎ ‎2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。‎ ‎3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。‎ ‎4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。‎ ‎5. 无中生有，似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。‎ 易错点 主观臆断，忽视逻辑 I love charity(慈善) shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods.‎ The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations(捐赠物). They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children’s books, all 10 or 20 pence each.‎ Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don’t encourage this, rather ask people to bring things in when the shop is open.‎ The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than ￡110 million a year, funding（资助）medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? You get something special for a very good price and a good moral sense. You provide funds to a good cause and tread lightly on the environment.‎ ‎42. Which of the following is TRUE about charity shops?‎ ‎ A. The operating costs are very low.‎ ‎ B. The staff are usually well paid.‎ ‎ C. 90% of the donations are second-hand.‎ ‎ D. They are open twenty-four hours a day.‎ ‎【示例】‎ Dear Hamilton,‎ ‎ We are fortunate that in such a large, high-pressure office we all get along so well. You are one of the people who keep the social temperature at such a comfortable setting. I don’t know anyone in the office who is better liked than you.‎ ‎ You can perhaps help with this. The collection of contributions towards gifts for employees’ personal-life events is becoming a little troubling. Certainly, the group sending of a gift is reasonable now and then. In the past month, however, there have been collections for two baby shower gifts, one wedding shower gift, two wedding gifts, one funeral（葬礼）remembrance, four birthday gifts, and three graduation gifts.‎ ‎ It’s not only the collected-from who are growing uncomfortable (and poor), but the collected-for feel uneasy receiving gifts from people who don’t know them outside the office, who wouldn’t even recognize their graduating children, their marrying daughters and sons, or their dead relatives.‎ ‎ This is basically a kind gesture (and one that people think well of you for), but the practice seems to have become too wide-ranging and feels improper in today’s office setting.‎ ‎ Thank you for understanding.‎ ‎65. This is basically a letter of ________.‎ A. apology B. sympathy C. appreciation D. dissatisfaction 参考答案 ‎65.【错解分析】典型错误C. 错因分析 无视主题，以点带面.‎ ‎【解题指导】本题考查主旨大意. 这类问题属于全局性问题。要做好这类问题必须找出文章中心思想句。把注意力放在阅读材料的开头和结尾，放在观点性、归纳性和概括性的句子上，放在被许多句子说明和证实的句子上。并注意由in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等“信号词”引导的句子。本题的答案依据为feels improper in today’s office setting.,以及最后一句话,因此答案为D项.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为D.‎ 五、【高考母题】‎ ‎(2015高考英语安徽卷D)My father was 44 and knew he wasn’t going to make it to 45. He wrote me a letter and hoped that something in it would help me for the rest of my life.‎ Since the day 1 was 12 and first read his letter, some of his words have lived in my heart. Only part always times out. “Right now, you are pretending to be a time-killer. But I know that one hay, you will do something great that will set you among the very best.” Knowing that my dad believed in me gave me permission to believe in myself. “You will do something great.” He didn’t know what that would be, and neither did I, but at times in my life when I’ve felt proud of myself, I remember his words and wish he were here so I could ask. “Is this what you were talking about, Dad? Should I keep going?”‎ A long way from 12 now, I realize he would have been proud when I made any progress. Lately, though. I’ve come to believe he’d want me to move on to what comes next: to be proud of, and believe in, somebody else. It’s time to start writing my own letters to my children. Our children look to us with the same unanswered question we had. Our kids don’t hold back because they’re afraid to fail. They’re only afraid of failing us. They don’t worry about being disappointed. Their fear－as mine was until my father’s letter－is of being a disappointment.‎ Give your children permission to succeed. They’re writing for you to believe in them. I always knew way parents loved me. But trust me. That belief will be more complete, that love will be more real, and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts; “Don’t worry; you’ll do something great.” Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back.‎ 68. We learn from the text that the author A. lost his father when he was young B. Worked hard before he read his father's letter C. Asked his father's permission to believe in himself D. Knew exactly what great thing his father wanted him to do ‎69.What does the author tell us in the 3rd paragraph?‎ A. Children need their parents’ letters.‎ B. Children are afraid to be disappointed.‎ C. His children’s fear of failure held them back.‎ D. His father’s letter removed his fear of failing his parents.‎ ‎70.Which of the following is true of the author?‎ A. He got no access to success.‎ B. He wrote back to his father at 12.‎ C. He was sure his parents loved him.‎ D. He once asked his father about the letter.‎ ‎71.The main purpose of the text is to _______.‎ A. describe children’s thinking B. answer some questions children have C. stress the importance of communication D. advise parents to encourage their children ‎【答案】ADCD ‎【解析】父亲临终前写给作者的一封信消除了作者内心的恐惧，作者切身体会到孩子不惧怕失败，他们害怕的是让父母失望。孩子需要的是父母的鼓励和信任。‎ ‎68．A推理判断题。第一段第一句提到作者的父亲自知自己活不到45岁，第二段开头部分提到作者当时只有12岁，由此可推断A项正确。‎ ‎69．D推理判断题。根据本段的内容尤其是该段的最后一句可推测，作者父亲的信消除了作者不能取悦父母的恐惧。‎ ‎70．C细节理解题。根据最后一段第三句中的内容可知作者确信父母深爱着自已。‎ ‎71．D主旨大意题。最后一段是文章主题的升华，根据本段内容可知本文的主要目的是建议父母鼓励他们的孩子。‎ ‎（ 2016高考英语湖北卷A） It was a Sunday and the heavy storm had lasted all night. The morning after the storm, though, was beautiful: blue skies, warm air and a calm, inviting sea touching the shore gently.‎ My father realized it was a good day for fishing and invited my sister and me to go with him. I was only 14 and fishing had never been my thing, but I decided to go all the same. I’m so glad I did.‎ On the road to the harbour we could see the terrible destruction on the coast, but the harbour itself was in fairly good shape. After all, it was protected by the arms of a bay that had only one tiny channel to the sea. As we got on board, we noticed two big humps (脊背) in the distance.‎ On approaching them, we saw it was a mother whale with her baby. We couldn’t believe it -- there aren’t any whales along the coast here. The storm must have driven them across the ocean into the bay, in which the still water was so badly polluted that nothing could survive.‎ The little baby whale —actually as big as our boat — was obviously stuck and could not move. The mother dived under the water and came up suddenly, making big whirlpools (漩涡) and waves. "She’s trying to help her baby, but on the wrong side," my father said. At this point, my father moved our boat in a semicircle to the other side and, heading the boat towards the baby whale, pushed it gently. With our several gentle pushes the big hump turned over and disappeared under water. Then it swam up right beside its mum. They struggled in their desperate attempts to escape but missed the exit and started heading in the wrong direction. We hurried up to the whales and tried to lead them towards the bay channel. Slowly, they let us lead them, sometimes rising from the water right beside us to breathe -- and to give us a trusting look with those huge eyes. Once they hit their first part of clean water flowing straight from the sea, the mum gave us a wave with her tail and off they swam into the distance.‎ In the excitement it had felt like only a few minutes, but we had been ‎ with those wonderful animals for almost an hour and a half. That was the simple and lasting beauty of the day. Nearly four decades later, I still look back fondly to that golden day at sea.‎ ‎51. The author says “I’m so glad I did.” (in Para. 2) because ____________.‎ A. he witnessed the whole process of fishing B. he enjoyed the beauty of the calm sea C. he experienced the rescue of the whales D. he spent the weekend with his family ‎52. The harbour survived the storm owing to __________.‎ A. the shape of the harbour B. the arms of the bay C. the still water in the channel D. the long coast line ‎53. The mother whale failed to help her baby because ___________.‎ A. she had stayed in the polluted water for too long B. the whirlpools she had made were not big enough C. she had no other whales around to turn to for help D. the waves pushed her baby in the wrong direction ‎54. What is the theme of the story?‎ A. Saving lives brings people a sense of happiness.‎ B. Fishing provides excitement for children.‎ C. It’s necessary to live in harmony with animals.‎ D. It’s vital to protect the environment.‎ ‎【答案】CBDA ‎【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要描写作者和父亲在暴风雨过后拯救搁浅鲸鱼的经过，揭示了人与动物，人与自然相互依存、和谐发展给人类带来的愉悦。‎ ‎51．C句意理解题。本文主要描写作者和父亲拯救搁浅鲸鱼的经历，作者高兴那天和父亲二块儿去钓鱼，才有了如此难忘的经历。‎ ‎52．B细节理解题。根据第三段中的After all, it was protected by the arms of a bay that had only one tiny channel to the sea.可确定B项正确。‎ ‎53．D细节理解题。根据第五段中The mother dived under the water and came up suddenly, making big whirlpools (漩涡) and waves. "She’s trying to help her baby, but on the wrong side,可确定D项正确。‎ ‎54．A主旨大意题。根据全文和最后一段中的That was the simple and lasting beauty of the day. Nearly four decades later, I still look back fondly to that golden day at sea.可确定本文的主题是A。‎ ‎（ 2016高考英语江西卷A）Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.‎ He rode along until a strange around drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like clack cloud and ‎ the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.‎ With no time to waste. Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding without knowing how to escape the swarm a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇).The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bead for two whole days. Suddenly, his father’s words came to him. “When you are in a tight situation, don’t panic. Use your brain and think your ways out of it.”‎ On a nearby hill, he could see smoke waving slowly skywards form the chimney of the Nelson family home. “Bees don’t like smoke,” he thought. “They couldn’t get into the house.” Andy raced towards the Nelson house, but the bees were gaining ground. Andy knew he could not reach the house in time. He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon.‎ Suddenly, out of the corner of his eyes, he spotted a small dam used by Mr. Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden. Off his bike and into the cool water he dived, disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects. After holding his breath for as long as he could, Andy came up for air and noticed the bees has gone. Dragging himself out of the dang the struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell. Mrs. Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.‎ ‎“You’ll really need that fishing break to help you recover,” laughed his mother with relief. “Thank goodness you didn’t panic!” But Andy did not hear her. He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow.”‎ ‎56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier?‎ A. He was riding to school.‎ B. He was listening to a strange sound.‎ C. He was going fishing with his father.‎ D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.‎ ‎57. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the swarm of bees in the passage?‎ A. They crowded like a black cloud.‎ B. They shocked and terrified Andy.‎ C. They tried to attack Andy in a mass.‎ D. They made Andy stay in hospital for two days.‎ ‎58. How did Andy avoid the bees in the end?‎ A. He asked Mr. Nelson in help.‎ B. He hid himself under the water.‎ C. He rushed into the Nelson house.‎ D. He rode off in the opposite direction.‎ ‎59. Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees?‎ A. No pain no gains.‎ B. Once bitten, twice shy C. Where there is a will, there is a way.‎ D. In time of danger, one’s mind works fast.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎（ 2016高考英语大纲全国I卷B）‎ EDGEWOOD - Every morning at Dixie Heights High School, customers pour into a special experiment: the district’s first coffee shop run mostly by students with special learning needs.‎ Well before classes start, students and teachers order Lattes, Cappuccinos and Hot Chocolates. Then, during the first period, teachers call in orders on their room phones, and students make deliveries.‎ By closing time at 9.20 a.m., the shop usually sells 90 drinks.‎ ‎“Whoever made the chi tea, Ms. Schatzman says it was good," Christy McKinley, a second year student, announced recently, after hanging up with the teacher.‎ The shop is called the Dixie PIT, which stands for Power in Transition. Although some of the students are not disabled, many are, and the PIT helps them prepare for life after high school.‎ They learn not only how to run a coffee shop but also how to deal with their affairs. They keep a timecard and receive paychecks, which they keep in check registers.‎ Special-education teachers Kim Chevalier and Sue Casey introduced the Dixie PIT from a similar program at Kennesaw Mountain High School in Georgia.‎ Not that it was easy. Chevalier's first problem to overcome was product-related. Should schools be selling coffee? What about sugar content?‎ Kenton County Food Service Director Ginger Gray helped. She made sure all the drinks, which use non-fat milk, fell within nutrition (营养) guidelines.‎ The whole school has joined in to help.‎ Teachers agreed to give up their lounge (休息室) in the mornings. Art students painted the name of the shop on the wall. Business students designed the paychecks. The basketball team helped pay for cups.‎ ‎59. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. A best-selling coffee.‎ B. A special educational program.‎ C. Government support for schools.‎ D. A new type of teacher-student relationship.‎ ‎60. The Dixie PIT program was introduced in order to .‎ A. raise money for school affairs B. do some research on nutrition C. develop students' practical skills D. supply teachers with drinks ‎61. How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzman's opinion of the chi tea?‎ A. She met her in the shop.‎ B. She heard her telling others.‎ C. She talked to her on the phone.‎ D. She went to her office to deliver the tea.‎ ‎62. We know from the text that Ginger Gray .‎ A. manages the Dixie P1T program in Kenton County B. sees that the drinks meet health standards C. teaches at Dixie Heights High School D. owns the school’s coffee shop ‎【答案】BCCB ‎【文章大意】这是Dixie Heights High School的一个特殊教学实验项目，即让有特殊需要的学生经营该地区的一个咖啡馆，老师和学生打电话订早餐，学生把早餐给他们送去。这个项目的目的是让那些有特殊需要的学生为未来的生活做好准备。‎ ‎59．B主旨大意题。全文介绍了Dixie Heights High School的一个特殊教学实验项目，包括该项目的创办人是谁、项目如何运作、开展该项目的目的以及赞助者的情况。答案为B。‎ ‎60．C推理判断题。根据第五段中的“…the PIT helps them prepare for life 4ter high school”和第六段中的“They learn not only how to run a coffee shopbut also IlOW t0 deal with、their affairs’’可知，该项目的目的是培养那些有特殊需要的学生的生存技能。故答案为C。‎ ‎61．C推理判断题。根据第四段中的after hanging up with the teacher可知Christy McKinley和她的老师通了电话，了解到老师对咖啡馆的评价。故答案为C。‎ ‎62．B推理判断题。由倒数第三段的内容可知，作为食品服务公司的负责人，Ginger Gray使Dixie Heights High School的学校咖啡馆提供的饮料的营养合乎健康标准。故答案为B。‎ ‎（ 2015高考英语湖南卷C）‎ People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe ‎ in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.‎ Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.‎ ‎"We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth."‎ According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.‎ The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.‎ It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. "Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less."‎ In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.‎ ‎66. The discovery shows that Westerners .‎ A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth B. consider facial expressions universally reliable C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions ‎67. What were the people asked to do in the study?‎ A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces impressive.‎ C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers' faces.‎ ‎68. What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 6 refer to?‎ A. The participants in the study.‎ B. The researchers of the study.‎ C. The errors made during the study.‎ D. The data collected from the study.‎ ‎69. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to .‎ A. do translation more successfully B. study the mouth more frequently C. examine the eyes more attentively D. read facial expressions more correctly ‎70. What can be the best title for the passage?‎ A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding ‎（ 2016高考英语大纲全国II卷E）‎ How words came into being is unknown. All we assume（推测）is that some early men invented certain sounds, in one way or another, to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could talk with each other. Later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be put together to show those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, are called words.‎ The power of words, then, lies in their associations - the things they bring up to our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we tire, the more certain words bring back to us the happy and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.‎ Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express ‎ these thoughts in words which have powerful effects on our minds and feelings. This clever use of words is what we call literary style（文体）. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can express his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears, We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them correctly, or they will make our speech silly and common.‎ ‎58. We learn from the text that language might have begun with A. expressions B. actions C. signs D. sounds ‎59.What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?‎ A. The learning of new words.‎ B. The importance of old words C. The relation of human experience with words.‎ D. The gradual change and development of words.‎ ‎60. In the last paragraph, what does the author suggest that we should do?‎ A. Use words skillfully. B. Make musical speeches C. Learn poems by heart. D. Associate with listeners.‎ ‎【答案】DCA ‎【解析】尽管有种种推测，语言的形成至今仍然是一个谜。不过。语言的魅力无比神奇。如何熟练地运用语言应该成为我们每个人的追求。‎ ‎58．D细节理解题。根据第一段第二句前半部分中的内容可知语言可能起源于“声音”。‎ ‎59．C 主旨大意题。本段第一句话是中心句，后面都是对前面的进一步解释，因此C项正确。‎ ‎60．A推理判断题。最后一段先叙述了文字工作者巧妙利用文字起到的非凡效果，再结合本段最后一句中的内容可推测作者建议我们熟练地运用文字。‎ ‎（ 2016高考英语福建卷B）Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thing——finally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better.‎ Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U.S. , where are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013——pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.‎ Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages, women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands’ approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl. They ‎ were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education. In the Indian state of Gujarat, Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Bollywood songs with words in Gujarati on the screen. Within six months, viewers had made a small but significant(有意义的) improvement in their reading skills.‎ Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.‎ ‎60. The underlined word “outlawed” in paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.‎ A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused ‎61.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?‎ A. Americans used to get access to the Internet easily.‎ B. The world’s TV sets will total 150 million by 2013.‎ C.45% of families in the developing countries had a TV in 2005.‎ D. Over two thirds of families in the world will have a TV by 2013.‎ ‎62. The author intends to .‎ A. stress the advantages of TV to people’s lives B. persuade women to become more independent C. encourage people to improve their reading skills D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google ‎63. What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A.TV Will Rule the World B.TV Will Disturb the World C.TV Will Better the World D.TV Will Remain in World ‎【答案】BDAC ‎【文章大意】本文主要通过翔实的数据告诉我们电视在人们的生活中依然起着非常重要的作用。‎ ‎60．B猜测词义题。由文意可知，2005年塔利班垮台以后，l／5的阿富汗人有了电视机，而在这之前电视是被禁止的。故答案为B，ban禁止。‎ ‎61．D细节理解题。第二段最后一句话提到，到2013年全球的电视机总数会再增加1．5亿台，总数超过2／3的家庭，所以D项符合题意。由第二段第二句话可知A错误；B项是对第二段最后一句句意的错误理解；从第二段第一句话可知C也是错误的。‎ ‎62．A写作意图题。文章从一开始一直到最后都在强调电视对生活的积极影响，特别是从第一段的最后一句和最后一段可明显看出作者的写作意图。故选A项。‎ ‎63．C主旨大意题。文章在第一段和最后一段明确表明作者的观点，全文通过具体的数字来告诉我们电视对生活的益处，所以选项C极为贴切地概括了文意。‎