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2020
届二轮复习
Non-restrictive attributive clauses
非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
概念:非限制性定语从句用来对先行词补充说明,没有它,主句也能独立存在,非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不密切,它与先行词之间常用逗号隔开
.
Compare the two sentences in the same group and find the difference.
Discuss & Summarize
(group work)
第一组
The old man has a son, who is in the army.
The old man has a son who is in the army.
第二组
My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.
My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.
第三组
Jim doesn’t like to ask questions which make his teacher angry.
Jim doesn’t like to ask questions, which makes his teacher angry.
第一组
The old man has a son, who is in the army.
The old man has a son who is in the army.
第一组:
A
中的从句是非限制性定语从句,是对先行词的补充说明。整个句子的意思是:这位老人有一个儿子,在部队工作。(隐含的意义:只有一个儿子)
B
中的从句是限制性定语从句,作用是对先行词
son
进行限定、修饰。整个句子的意思是:这位老人有个在部队工作的儿子。(隐含的意思:也许还有其他的儿子,在干别的工作)
第二组
My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.
My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.
第二组:
虽然两句的表达顺序完全相同,但是由于停顿和语调的变化,造成的定语从句与主句关系的紧密程度发生变化。
A
句可以翻译成:我
18
岁的那个弟弟是大学生。从句是限制性定语从句,是限定性定语从句限定了先行词的意义,明确是
18
岁的那个弟弟(而不是其他的,即有可能还有几个弟弟)。
B
可以翻译成:我弟弟是大学生,今年
18
岁。
第三组
Jim doesn’t like to ask questions which make his teacher angry.
Jim doesn’t like to ask questions, which makes his teacher angry.
第三组:
A
句中的定语从句修饰先行词
questions
,
B
句中的定语从句修饰的是整个前面的主句部分,所以表达的意义也就有明显的差别。
A
吉姆不喜欢问使老师生气的问题。(
which
指代
questions)
B
吉姆不喜欢问问题,这让老师很生气。(
which
指代
Jim doesn’t like to ask questions
这个情况)
温馨提示:
某些句子用了逗号成为非限制性定语从句
,
同没有用逗号的相比,意义有很大区别
1.I have a sister
who works in a hospital
.
我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。(不只一位姐姐)
2. I have a sister ,
who works in a hospital
.
我有一位姐姐,她在医院工作。(只有一位姐姐)
3. He has a brother, who lives in Beijing
4. He has a brother who lives in Beijing.
他有一个哥哥
,
住在北京
.
他有一个住在北京的哥哥
(可能有几个哥哥
,
其中一个是住在北京的
.
)
More examples:
非限制性定语从句
:
对先行词进行补充说明
,
关系不是十分紧密
,
省去对主句没有多大影响
.
而限制性定语从句
:
是先行词在意义上
不可缺少
的定语
,
如果去掉
,
主句的意思就不完整
.
Non-restrictive attributive clause:
A clause that adds extra information to the man clause of a sentence.
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式上
不用逗号和主句隔开
用逗号隔开
意义上
是先行词不可缺少的
定语,不能删除
是对先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整
译法上
翻译成先行词的定语,“
…
的
…
”
通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使用
A
.做宾语时可省略
B
.可用
that
A
.不可省
B
。不用
that
Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.
1.The famous basketball star, _____is an American,
came to China yesterday.
2.In those days,she used to go to Mr
black,with _____
she had a wonderful time.
3.I bought a car yesterday,_____ cost me a lot.
4.Xi’an, ______I visited last month, is a nice old city.
5.He will come to see me next July, ___ he won’t be so busy.
6.The school,_______I once studied,was built thirty years ago.
7.John said he’d been working in the office for an hour,_______ was true.
who
whom
which
which
when
where
which
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:
一:在句中作用不同
限对先行词有限定制约作用,不可省去,否则句意不完整。
非限起补充作用,可省去,句意仍然完整。
二:外在表现形式不同
非限用逗号隔开
1. Do you remember the girl who taught us Chinese?
你还记得教我们语文的那个女孩吗
?2.Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我
,
他是我的一位朋友。三:先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词可以为一个句子,此时要用
which
来引导
例
1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫
,
这令我十分恐惧。
析
:
由语境可知
,
令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事
,
因此先行词为整个主句
,
此时应由
which
引导定语从句。
四:关系词的使用情况有所不同
(
1
)
that
不可用于引导非限制性定语从句他没通过这次考试
,
令我很失望。
误
: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.
正
: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.
使用非限制性定语从句时如果先行词指人,则用
who, whose
,
which
等;如果先行词指物要用
which
;先行词表时间或者地点,并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用
when
或者
where
引导。
例
1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业
,
到那时我们就自由了。
例
2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing
, where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京
,
有个会议要在那里举行。
(
2
)关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词
whom
在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用
who
代替,但在非限制性定语从句中不行。
例
1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析
:
先行词
the girl
在限制性定语从句中作宾语
,
可用
who
代替
whom .
例
2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友
,
他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析
:
先行词
a new girl friend
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语
,
不可用
who
代替
whom .
(
3
)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语可用省略,但在非限制性定语从句中所有的关系词都不能省略。
例
1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析
:
先行词
the book
在限制性定语从句中作宾语
,
关系代词
which
或
that
可以省略。
例
2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书
,
但现在已找到了。
析
:
先行词
the book
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语
,
关系代词
which
不可省。
用定语从句挑战高考原题
①
(浙江
2005
)
Jim passed the driving test, ______ surprised everybody in the office.
A. which B. that C. this D. it
②
(浙江
2005
)
______ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
③
(浙江
2006
)
I was given three books on cooking, the first _____ I really enjoyed.
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
A
C
B
④
(浙江
2007
)
Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
A. that B. which C. who D. where
⑤
(浙江
2008
)
Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
⑥
(浙江
2009
)
The young man we’ve just talked to is a traveler ______ parents visited us last year.
A. that B. whose C. whom D. which
*
B
B
D